tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-49112015878923630872024-03-19T08:12:32.428-04:00Exploring One HealthAchieving optimal human, animal and ecosystem health simultaneously through collaboration and education.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger74125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4911201587892363087.post-9902520321192943572014-04-22T20:44:00.000-04:002014-04-22T20:44:35.093-04:00Public Health Preparedness at a National Special Security Event: Epidemiology, Food Safety and Food Defense at the 2012 Democratic National Convention: Tuesday, April 8th<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">This past week we heard from Mr. Larry Michael of the NC
Department of Health and Human Services and Ms. Donna Wanucha or the regional
office of the FDA. Their unexpectedly fascinating joint lecture was on the
preparedness for NSSE—National Special Security Events, particularly food
security. Their thorough description of
the planning for the available food and food preparation of the democratic
national convention was unexpected in that I would have never considered food
to be a vulnerable point for national events. Yet, when they described calling
back all 2,000 lunch boxes for the security teams due to potentially “bad”
chicken, it was not difficult to see how easily an entire event could be
compromised by a little salmonella. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq5W5x1mPteotdYY5buKwahyphenhyphenIyUfen_9_wtQNGiJ3J2XHEav6hSpKhXrTdODRgHC8vdGL08NkSQ992LUYoArPDpg8CJgwoDr8wNFD117q5ujxcnKTQ2geGHlRBlp65ADlyp8M5B9znNw32/s1600/Food+Defense.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq5W5x1mPteotdYY5buKwahyphenhyphenIyUfen_9_wtQNGiJ3J2XHEav6hSpKhXrTdODRgHC8vdGL08NkSQ992LUYoArPDpg8CJgwoDr8wNFD117q5ujxcnKTQ2geGHlRBlp65ADlyp8M5B9znNw32/s1600/Food+Defense.jpg" height="274" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">While the talk opened my eyes to all the potential threats that
well trained FDA and Public Health officials deal with daily, I found myself thinking
of my pet cat, Chui. I have the choice to only frequent establishments with
high safety grades and I trust the local and federal government have tracked
the food sources sufficiently that I will not get ill from my food. However, my
cat does not have this luxury. As recent as 2007, pet food was recalled from
over 100 brands contaminated from imported vegetable proteins from China <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Cite><Author>Roth</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>138</RecNum><DisplayText>(Roth,
Tsay, Pullman, &amp; Gray,
2008)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>138</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN"
db-id="0fprx0xxfvr5e8ex9z3x55xufrp2eretvdp0">138</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Journal
Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Roth,
A. V.</author><author>Tsay, A.
A.</author><author>Pullman, M. E.
</author><author>Gray, J. V.
</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>UNRAVELING
THE FOOD SUPPLY CHAIN: STRATEGIC INSIGHTS FROM CHINA AND THE 2007
RECALLS*</title><secondary-title><style face="bold"
font="default" size="100%">Journal of Supply Chain
Management</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal
of Supply Chain Management</full-title></periodical><pages>22-39</pages><volume>44</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2008</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->(<a href="file:///C:/Users/Natalie/Desktop/NC%20OHC%20IEG%202014/Student%20Blogs/chrissy_dideriksen+blog+post+2.docx#_ENREF_2" title="Roth, 2008 #138"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Roth,
Tsay, Pullman, & Gray, 2008</span></a>)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->. Though we stringently
regulate “farm to fork” production of human food, animal nutrition has fallen
by the wayside. This does not pose a direct health concern to humans. Any
food-born illness is not transferable to human pet owners, unless they are consuming
the pet food themselves. However, especially in America, we have great time,
money, and emotional investment in our companion animals. It is estimated that Americans will spend
over 22 billion USD on companion animal food in 2014 alone <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Cite><RecNum>139</RecNum><DisplayText>(&quot;Pet
Industry Market Size &amp; Ownership
Statistics,&quot;)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>139</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN"
db-id="0fprx0xxfvr5e8ex9z3x55xufrp2eretvdp0">139</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Web
Page">12</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title>Pet
Industry Market Size &amp; Ownership
Statistics</title></titles><dates></dates><publisher>APPA</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.americanpetproducts.org/press_industrytrends.asp</url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->(<a href="file:///C:/Users/Natalie/Desktop/NC%20OHC%20IEG%202014/Student%20Blogs/chrissy_dideriksen+blog+post+2.docx#_ENREF_1" title=", #139"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">"Pet Industry
Market Size & Ownership Statistics,"</span></a>)<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">. Despite this investment,
comparatively poor consideration is given to the supply chain of pet food.
Though this does not directly impede on human health, I believe it is a One
Health issue as the emotional and financial burden on humans is great. We are
becoming accustomed to thinking so carefully about our own food sources; it is time
we give as much consideration to the food for our best friends. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ENREF_1">Pet Industry Market Size & Ownership Statistics. from </a><a href="http://www.americanpetproducts.org/press_industrytrends.asp">http://www.americanpetproducts.org/press_industrytrends.asp</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Roth, A. V., Tsay, A. A.,
Pullman, M. E., & Gray, J. V. (2008). UNRAVELING THE FOOD SUPPLY CHAIN:
STRATEGIC INSIGHTS FROM CHINA AND THE 2007 RECALLS*. </span><b><i>Journal of Supply Chain
Management</i></b><i>, 44</i>(1), 22-39. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Authored by Chrissy Dideriksen</span></div>
Natalie Kwithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13253194842753306040noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4911201587892363087.post-20246864311891424842014-04-22T20:37:00.001-04:002014-04-22T20:37:29.923-04:00Black Bear Habitat Fragmentation Leads to more Human Conflicts in Florida<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">This week, human-black bear interaction in residential areas
between Ocala National Forest and Orlando, FL made headlines after a bear bit a
woman in her garage. This problem is not
new. Both bear and human populations in
Florida have been growing since the 1970s, and poor housing development plans
have fragmented the bears’ habitats as building expands ever closer to Ocala
National Forest. Conflicts have
increased because of misunderstandings that could benefit from a One Health
approach. Experts on bear behavior from
the Bear Management Program for the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation
Commission advise maintaining a contiguous habitat for the bears and that bears
are easily habituated to humans. Public
education campaigns to advise residents against approaching bears, feeding
bears, or failing to secure garbage from bears should be reinforced.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/04/140415-black-bear-florida-attack-habitat-wildlife-conservation/">http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/04/140415-black-bear-florida-attack-habitat-wildlife-conservation/</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Paige Meier<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Duke University</span><o:p></o:p></div>
Natalie Kwithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13253194842753306040noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4911201587892363087.post-28907965698234297632014-04-17T11:22:00.001-04:002014-04-17T11:23:08.673-04:00Impacts of Improved Cookstoves on Environmental Health and Human Health: Tuesday, April 1st<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">On April
1, the One Health Intellectual Exchange’s session consisted of presentations
from Jessica Lewis and Marc Jeuland that concerned the impacts of cookstoves on
air pollution, health, and fuel. Jessica
Lewis is a third year PhD student in the Nicholas School of the Environment at
Duke University and is an EPA STAR Doctoral Fellow. She studies household energy and health and
focuses on traditional cooking in developing countries. Marc Jeuland, PhD is an Assistant Professor of Public Policy, Global
Health, Environment, and Civil and Environmental Engineering at the
Sanford School of Public Policy at Duke University. In the past, Dr. Jeuland worked with the
World Bank and volunteered with the Peace Corps for projects related to water
sanitation. His research includes
economic implications of climate change, management of trans-boundary water
resources, water sanitation, and environmental health. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Ms.
Lewis began with an overview of traditional and improved cookstoves and then
highlighted her study in Odisha, India. Importance
of research on cooking methods and their impacts includes the following reasons: forty percent of the world relies on solid
fuel for cooking and heating, and air pollution is responsible for one out of
seven deaths, in which household air pollution (HAP) contributes. HAP includes substances such as particulate
matter, black carbon, carbon monoxide, and carcinogenic materials. Disadvantages of traditional cookstoves and
solid fuels are high pollution risk, increased fuel wood use, deforestation,
and impacts on health and climate.
Therefore, improved cookstoves are being introduced to improve its
efficiency and reduce emissions in order to ultimately achieve health and environmental
gains. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The
study in Odisha, India included an extensive baseline survey from five hundred
households to assess firewood use, personal air pollution, household air
pollution, and health implications.
Monitors were worn by some individuals to measure personal air
pollution. Factors such as household
education and fuel prices significantly affect the choice of using improved
cookstoves. The improved cookstove significantly
reduced firewood use, household air pollution, and personal air pollution. Stove “stacking” was common in the village,
as multiple stove types were used by households, and only twenty-five percent
of households own only one stove.
Further research could determine the length of cookstove use by
households, the age of cookstove users, and the health history of cookstove
users. These further questions could
indicate additional health implications from cookstove use. Ms. Lewis also directed the group to visit
dukeenergyhealth.org.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8EJSfIWxPdvbWHRKYJo0Z1slLw-zRMdmqZA7ruwRLmGNUBFh0DaEmGHvYmXUIX4JWwRrVDPhtCuINly8krjthHVhFxdw6WecJNTiNl1xq2sY8NSbqSC9qCAZ4F8FieKmUg66aMD94Ca__/s1600/Jeuland.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8EJSfIWxPdvbWHRKYJo0Z1slLw-zRMdmqZA7ruwRLmGNUBFh0DaEmGHvYmXUIX4JWwRrVDPhtCuINly8krjthHVhFxdw6WecJNTiNl1xq2sY8NSbqSC9qCAZ4F8FieKmUg66aMD94Ca__/s1600/Jeuland.jpg" /></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Dr.
Jeuland followed with a presentation about why people choose to cook with an
improved cookstove. Beginning with
background information, Dr. Jeuland explained that people may choose not to cook
with an improved cookstove because of cost, lack of knowledge, no preference,
being risk averse, and conformism. In
theory, people adopt environmental health technologies because of rationality,
costs, time, and interventions. However,
people often do not adopt environmental health technologies, and “free stove”
studies may not be successful despite their cheapness and efficiency.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Dr.
Jeuland’s presentation then focused on his study in India. The study aimed to find improved cookstove
adoption determinants, collect evaluations of their impacts, and conduct
marketing studies. First, the study
evaluated baseline cooking and fuel behaviors, knowledge and perception of
cookstoves, and cookstove design preferences through a baseline survey. The surveys showed that people preferred
cheaper cookstoves that emit less smoke, decrease the needed amount of fuel,
and increased the number of cooking surfaces.
After the baseline survey, pilots were conducted in which a cookstove
was offered to people along with a payment plan and advertised by social
marketing. Some people bought natural
draft or electric stoves, and selling in poor, rural areas were difficult. Following pilot studies, intervention
occurred. Information about cookstoves
was distributed via fact sheets, and demonstrations for using cookstoves were
performed in communities. The people
paid three installments, and a random rebate was offered. According to the study, rebates encouraged
cookstove purchases and use. Electrical
stoves were most used, but the users also had to pay for electricity. Fuel savings were largest for households in
the NGOs stratum, and fuel expenses increased with rebates, most likely due to
electricity costs. Dr. Jeuland
summarized that supply of cookstoves is needed, as the study shows a demand for
cookstoves.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Discussion
and questions followed the presentation.
Questions included the following topics:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<ul><ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Practicality
and effects of fixing a traditional cookstove instead of introducing a new cookstove</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Children’s
health impacted by cookstove use</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Efficiency
of a biogas stove</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">The
need of proof for improved cookstove health impacts</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">The
household member that decides to buy a cookstove</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">The
use of a community stove</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">How
taste is changed from using improved cookstoves versus traditional cookstoves</span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Post
Authored by Erin Beasley, NC State University</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Natalie Kwithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13253194842753306040noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4911201587892363087.post-31905400410728925192014-04-03T11:03:00.000-04:002014-04-03T11:03:21.701-04:00“Demon Dogs” or Panicked Public?: A History of Breed Scares Through the Ages: Tuesday, March 25th<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">On March 25<sup>th</sup> the One Health Intellectual
Exchange welcomed Browen Dickey, a contributing editor of The Oxford American
to discuss “’Demon dogs’ or panicked public? A history of breed scares through
the ages.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Ms. Dickey states that through her research she found breed
scares are often cyclic, relative to current society, and often not necessarily
about the breeds themselves but potential tension between different social groups.
Breed scares/bans began as early as 1066 with the Mastiff. This was when
royalty did not want those of lower social cast owning these dogs due to the
potential of hunting on land owned by the king. Through her research she found
that often breed scares could be pin pointed to certain events, such as the St.
Bernard and the release of the movie Cujo or guard dog breeds with the increase
of crime rates. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The current breed scare? The Pit Bull. This “bully” breeds is beginning to be banned
by apartment complexes and making it into certain state legislations. Starting
in 1974 when dog fighting in certain rings became a popular topic. A media
blitz came to bring the breed into the forefront, with reporters and
journalists relying on the general public and dog fighters for information on
this breed. Ms. Dickey has carried out an effort to interview owners nationwide
to gain a better understanding of the Pit Bull breed. She found that that these
dogs are often like any other breed, have a bad rap. They are often sweet,
kind, and loyal to the owner. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Ms. Dickey made two points about breed panic that stuck out
the most: it can lead to exacerbating the problem and letting human’s off the
hook. So what will be the next breed to cause panic? Only time will tell.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Authored by Jessica Vasquez</span></div>
Natalie Kwithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13253194842753306040noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4911201587892363087.post-13245112494452048562014-04-03T11:00:00.000-04:002014-04-03T11:06:07.511-04:00Food Safety from Farm to Fork to Physician: Moving Towards a One Health Approach: Tuesday, March 4th<div class="Body" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In this week's
session, Barbara Kowalcyk, Ph.D. and CEO of the Center for Foodborne
Illness Research and Prevention (CFI), a national non-profit
organization that prevent foodborne disease by advancing a stronger,
science-based food safety system, was <span lang="FR">our</span> honored guest at
the North Carolina One Health Intellectual Exchange
Group. She received her master's degree in Applied
Statistics from the University of Pittsburgh and a Doctorates in
Environmental Health with a focus in Epidemiology and Bio-statistics
from the University of Cincinnati. Although
she began her career as a Statistician at a pharmaceutical
company, her passion shifted <span lang="SV">to foodborne illnesses</span> and food safety, due to a tragic personal event. Since
then, her research has focused on the microbial aspect
of foodborne pathogens and a system to improve epidemiology surveillance
and awareness to prevent a pandemic outbreak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Dr. Kowalcyk began her discussion
by describing food safety and food security along
with reasons why it should be a main priority and concern in
people's lives. Statistics show approximately 48 million people
contract illnesses, 128 thousand are hospitalized and 3
thousand deaths occur globally due to foodborne pathogens. The numbers are so
high and increasing from the high transmission rate through food,
people, water systems and <span lang="NL">petting zoos.</span> The most vulnerable
populations are pregnant women, senior citizens and <span lang="NL">children.</span> Dr. Kowalcyk <span lang="IT">emphasizes</span> the concerns of the under-analyzed effects
of foodborne diseases globally, which <span lang="PT">inhibits</span> the
improvements of surveillance. Pathogens, including Norovirus,
Salmonella, and <span lang="IT">E. coli 0157:H7,</span> are continually evolving into new
strains of antibiotic resistance that will cause a public
health crisis in the 21st century.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="NL">Food</span> companies, or the 'producers',
have recently been the blame for the spread of foodborne
illnesses instead on the consumers. Due to concerns of the
spread of these pathogens, they have caused the CDC to <span lang="FR">implement</span> sterilization procedures, like irradiation
(a simple disinfecting process from a UV light to kill the
microbes growing in the food) and systematic preventive
programs, like FoodNet, PulseNet, and Hazard Analysis Critical
Control Point (HCCP), to food processing companies. Also, in 2011,
Congress enacted the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA), a
food safety law to mandate new risk-based approaches to the FDA's oversight of
foodborne illness. This law will ensure the
quality and amount of detection of bacteria to monitor the spread
around the country. Fortunately, over the years, there
has been an increasing amount of attention to improve the
surveillance of foodborne diseases and to attempt to prevent sporadic
outbreaks from occurring.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Dr. Kowalcyk then
further argued the issues of people's
assumption that foodborne diseases only result in acute
illnesses, such as a 'tummy ache,’ as well as “it's something
minor that is not necessary to
visit or report to a
physician.” In her paper, she describes the many long-term effects
to numerous organ systems that people are unaware about
the effects. Prominent sequelae of these
infections include effects to the gastrointestinal, immune, nervous,
respiratory, cardiovascular, endocrine and hepatic
systems. Profuse diarrhea, another condition caused by foodborne
infections, in children can cause deficits in
cognition and development while in adults will make it more
chronic [1]. The long-term consequences from the foodborne
infections are detrimental to human health and must
be taken with precaution. Dr. Kowalcyk wants to educate the
people through CFI and provide a source of information about
these pathogens, so that it is not something to be
under-evaluated. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Looking ahead towards
the future, promising technology and procedures are being
tested and formulated to eliminate the outbreaks of
infections. An increase of epidemiology will drive preventive
actions through the ability to
constantly identify and detect the cluster of
diseases that significantly harm people around the world. Dr. Kowalcyk quotes "surveillance <span lang="NL">goes</span> beyond the detection of disease, but it is critical for
prevention. There <span lang="NL">needs</span> to be a surveillance shift from reactive
to proactive action." The rise of antibiotic resistant
pathogens and the continual difficulty of tracking the origin of the
pathogens will force companies, farmers, and other
countries to integrate to more cost effective surveillance protocols.
Ultimately, the mission to prevent the spread of foodborne
diseases is to advocate the necessity of funding for more
studies and surveillance techniques to wealthy
companies or governments as well as to educate the
consumers on safe sterilization that will clean the foods from the
burden of these pathogens. Lastly, Dr. Kowalcyk ends her <span lang="IT">discussion</span> with a slide of children that have
died or have severe complications
of their lifestyle due to foodborne illnesses as a reminder
of the true reason to promote proper surveillance and prevention of
foodborne diseases.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">[1] <span style="background-color: white;">Batz,
M. B., Henke, E., & Kowalcyk, B. (2013). Foodborne illness: Latest threats
and emerging issues.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Infectious
Disease Clinics of North America</i>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>27</i>,
599-616.</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">Authored by Thanh-thao Thi Le</span></span></span></div>
Natalie Kwithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13253194842753306040noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4911201587892363087.post-73157145799866531882014-03-06T12:09:00.000-05:002014-03-06T12:09:41.567-05:00Microbial source tracking to evaluate links between human, animal and environmental health: Tuesday, February 25th<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">This
past week’s One Health Intellectual Exchange Group’s topic focusing on
microbial source tracking in bodies of water was presented by Dr. Jill
Stewart. As an Assistant Professor in
the Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering at the University of
North Carolina, Dr. Stewart develops techniques to detect and track pathogens
in water. Dr. Stewart’s current research
projects involve water quality evaluation associated with land application of
waste products and water quality evaluation associated with urbanization on
watersheds. Her work with environmental
sciences show how environmental impacts can affect human health.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">During
the presentation, Dr. Stewart addressed the following learning objectives:</span></div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Name
a standard indicator used to detect fecal pollution of surface waters.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">List
three issues associated with the use of traditional fecal indicator bacteria to
monitor water quality.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Define
microbial source tracking and name a marker that can be used to track
human-source pollution in water.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Describe
how microbial source tracking can be used to mitigate water pollution.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The
presentation began with an introduction on microbial pollution and microbial
detection. Dr. Stewart works with
bacteria, viruses, and protozoa.
Microbial pollution on water and shellfish include various sources such
as waste water treatment plants, marinas, wild and domestic animals,
recreational use, and food (for example, oysters). In order to detect the microbes, membrane
filtration is performed and fecal coliform colonies are analyzed. This technique is widely used; however, there
are some drawbacks. Disadvantages
include time (it takes about twenty-four hours to complete), type of pathogen
(it only works for bacteria), and determination of contamination source. Microbial Source Tracking (MST) is the method
to determine fecal pollution in water sources.
Molecular techniques such as PCR and assays are also incorporated. Markers of fecal microorganisms are used for
analysis. Fecal indicator bacteria
includes <i>Escherichia coli</i>. Depending on the presence of markers, fecal
pollution can be linked to land development or other human causes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The
remaining of the presentation focused on two of Dr. Stewart’s studies. One of Dr. Stewart’s studies was conducted at
Jordan Lake. The purpose of the study
was to determine storm water and land use effects on microbial
contamination. Water samples were
collected at various types of area uses and different storm times. The fecal indicator bacteria were compared at
a regulatory threshold, and the markers used were <i>Bacteroides</i> sp. (HuBac) and <i>Methanobrevibacter
smithii</i> (<i>nif</i>H). There was a positive correlation between land
development and microbial contamination.
Storms had more of a contaminant load, and loading occurred over the
course of the storm. Therefore, there
was no difference in loading between dry conditions and stormy conditions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">A
second study discussed by Dr. Stewart concerned fecal indicator bacteria and
swine farms. Eastern North Carolina has
most of the state’s swine operations, and North Carolina is the nation’s second
largest state in swine production. To
control swine fecal waste, common applications are swine lagoons and spraying
fields. Again, Dr. Stewart found that
there were higher levels of fecal indicator bacteria with rain. Swine genetic markers analyzed included
pig-1-BAC, pig-2-BAC, and pig-BAC-2. The
markers pig-1-BAC and pig-2-BAC were found to be correlated with pig
waste. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In
addition to her studies within North Carolina, Dr. Stewart also collaborates
with researchers in the Galápagos Islands.
A few studies were conducted by measuring water quality around sewage
pipes, which emptied into the ocean. The
water treatment plants also had fecal indicator bacteria. Dr. Stewart along with students will continue
research in the Galápagos Islands.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The
presentation concluded with Dr. Stewart stressing that single-sample monitoring
for water sources may be inadequate, and alternative indicators may be
necessary. These points are exemplified
in her studies with land use and water contamination as well as storm water affects
on water contamination. Her presentation
and studies support the One Health concept connecting environmental health and
human health. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">Discussion
and questions followed the presentation.
Questions included the following topics:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">The
affect of tides and timing on the analysis of storm water leaving sewage pipes
in the Galápagos Islands</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Analyzing
antibiotics directly in samples</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Water
pollution by tour boats in the Galápagos Islands</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Collaborative
work with Engineers Without Borders in the Galápagos Islands</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">The
difference between indicators and pathogens</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Costs
for molecular techniques</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">The
use of caffeine as an indicator</span></li>
</ul>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Post
Authored by Erin Beasley</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">NC State University</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Natalie Kwithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13253194842753306040noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4911201587892363087.post-1839537912251334382014-03-06T12:01:00.001-05:002014-03-06T12:09:49.419-05:00Feedbacks between shallow water coastal ecosystems and human well-being: Tuesday, February 25th<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">On
Tuesday, February 25<sup>th</sup> the North Carolina One Health Collaboration
welcomed two speakers for the evening’s Intellectual Exchange Group meeting.<span style="color: #4f81bd;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Dr. Mike
Piehler is dually appointed as an Associate Professor at the UNC Chapel Hill
Institute of Marine Sciences in Morehead City, NC and as Head of the Program in
Estuarine Ecology and Human Health and the UNC Coastal Studies Institute in
Manteo, NC. He is also the Director of
Graduate Studies for the Curriculum for the Environment and Ecology at UNC
Chapel Hill. Dr. Piehler drove up from
the coast last Tuesday to share his expertise and current research on
microbially mediated processes in coastal land-water interfaces and their links
to human health with the NC One Health Intellectual Exchange Group. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Dr.
Piehler explained the importance of maintaining coastal shallow water
ecosystems as “transition zones” between land based and fresh water areas and
marine environments. These areas mediate
the contents of rivers feeding into the sea that are increasingly bringing excess
nutrients and pollutants from sources such as fertilized fields or wastewater
treatment facilities. Without these
zones, the excess nutrients can facilitate harmful algal blooms, which then deplete
oxygen levels in the water as they decay, causing fish and plant-life kills. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Currently,
the world has lost between fifty and seventy percent of its flatland estuaries
and nearly ninety percent of its oyster reefs.
Damage to coastal shallow water ecosystems increases globally as human
population density in those ecosystems increases. Dr. Piehler showed that these transition
ecosystems are crucial for maintaining a <i>balance</i>
to the influx of nutrients, sediments, and salinity in the water in such a
complex way that alternate human interventions are hard-pressed to be as comprehensive
or effective.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Nitrogen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Dr.
Piehler has focused on nitrogen fluctuation in studying the importance of
wetland ecosystems at the UNC Costal Studies Institute and at the Camp Lejeune
military base in eastern North Carolina.
Nitrogen is key to limiting primary productivity at the intersection of
fresh and salt water. A healthy nitrogen
cycle is threatened by augmentation of nitrogen in the water sourced mainly
from fertilizers in the form of nitrite or ammonium. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiltjEX3WbBon3KjdqBprqUOZBsUuZ9ffS80-NiNdIl9-Bp7_aMhazSIl33u2NlrTpnvRELVUqn5pUYLloy7qFwSdUFdkpWbgZfViYMwiV9QR-c2mCLptbOtSHgU2WpHKsIanb_dJFnFzpX/s1600/DCERP+Study.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiltjEX3WbBon3KjdqBprqUOZBsUuZ9ffS80-NiNdIl9-Bp7_aMhazSIl33u2NlrTpnvRELVUqn5pUYLloy7qFwSdUFdkpWbgZfViYMwiV9QR-c2mCLptbOtSHgU2WpHKsIanb_dJFnFzpX/s1600/DCERP+Study.png" height="400" width="370" /></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">More is
not always better in the case of ecological nitrogen levels.</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">There is a threshold for the amount of fixed
nitrogen that is a beneficial to human, animal, and environmental health
(Figure 1).</span><sup style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">1</sup><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> Beyond this levels instances of pollution and disease
are increased.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Camp
Lejeune DCERP Study<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">With
funding from the Defense Coastal/Estuarine Research Program (DCERP), Dr.
Piehler and colleagues studied the footprint of a military base on an estuary
at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune. An
increase in nitrogen levels and in total suspended solid load was visible in
the five streams tested as increases in development were seen. The relationship of ammonium levels to
development was not as clear. In all
cases more loading was seen during storms.
Currently, laws to control high levels of nutrients and pollutants
entering streams and estuaries as a result of storms are of a small scale and
are poorly monitored/ enforced. Using
regression modeling the researchers were able to predict loading in areas with
various amounts of development.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Importance
of Wetland Restoration<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Dr.
Piehler estimates that the cost to remove excess nitrogen if not done by oyster
reefs is $1600 per year, per hectacre. Oyster
Reefs have among the highest denitrification potential and thus if restored can
rebalance eutrophication areas. Subtidal flats, although they have lower rates
of denitrification, are just as important because they cover a large area. Wetlands provide numerous services under four
different categories outlined by Dr. Piehler: Provisioning, Regulating,
Cultural, and Supporting. While Dr. Piehler
does acknowledge that there are drawbacks to wetlands, such as competition for land
for development or the potential for infectious diseases to breed in these
areas, he demonstrates that the services provided by wetlands make them
extremely valuable and that they should be restored and protected.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Future Concerns<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The
effects of global warming, drought, rising sea levels, and natural disasters
are all concerns for the future of wetland ecosystems. Dr. Piehler noted many ways these effects
could be predicted and buffered through research on topics including:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">The
impact of intense wet periods and protracted dry periods on river and wetland
life</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">The
impact of changing tide ranges on coastal shallow water life as overall sea
levels change</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">The
change in patterns of natural disasters and storms and their effects</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">As Dr.
Piehler and his colleagues believe, the number one “eutrophication commandment”
is to protect costal ecosystems for biodiversity services.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Figure
Reference:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">1) Townsend,
Alan R., et al. “Human health effects of
a changing global nitrogen cycle.” <i>Frontiers
in Ecology and the Environment</i> 1.5 (2003): 240-246.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Paige
Meier<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Duke
University</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Natalie Kwithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13253194842753306040noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4911201587892363087.post-4638430227328508582014-02-26T13:51:00.001-05:002014-02-26T13:51:45.239-05:00Water contamination associated with shale gas exploration and hydraulic fracturing in the U.S.: Wednesday, February 19th<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Dr. Vengosh is a Professor of Geochemistry and Water Quality
at the Nicholas School of Environment in Duke University. He also is appointed at the Department of
Civil and Environmental Engineering at Duke University. Dr. Vengosh received his BS and MS from the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel and his PhD from the Research School of
Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Currently Dr. Vengosh’s research includes the energy
industry’s impact on water quality, environmental health related to human
exposure of naturally occurring contaminants in drinking water and the
salinization of water resources from human activities and climate change.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">After a snow delay Dr. Vengosh spoke to the One Health
Intellectual Exchange beginning with an introduction to sources of energy in
the USA. He explained that Natural Gas
has recently overtaken Coal as the most produced energy in the US. Here’s a table of the percent of energy
produced in the US.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Natural Gas 31%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Coal 26%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Crude Oil 21%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Nuclear 10%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Renewables 16% which include wind, solar, hydropower,
biomass etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">It is projected that as natural gas production increases the
use of oil will decrease a bit. Other
sources will stay about the same. As the
US produces more natural gas, we will begin to export it to Mexico and Canada
which may increase prices. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Water quality is affected by several of the different energy
industries such as mountaintop and sub-surface coal mining, shale gas fracking,
coal ash disposal sites, tar sands etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>What is myth and what
is reality? </b>Several mainstream
movies such as <i>Gasland</i> and <i>The Promise Land </i>have stirred the
public’s interest (and opposition) to fracking.
Dr. Vengosh explains that there are lots of other chemicals used in
energy harvesting which are just as bad but receive no press or protest.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Why is gas so
important?</b> Natural gas is everywhere
in the United States and around the world.
Using more natural gas would cause a decrease of wood burning as a fuel
source. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>What is fracking</b>? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0WHB5dB87d8SXGkLWPO5kRJLjHSIs0ZY0nr3QKvbTIQLJhs2k6mbPPgXXJVfEkcwCDqJwGNLZAIhxzkIIJqj9suuP-BAVbJff187zIxXLN0YTnnJeh3Q1mVzj0SWlDQdo-MoGjTQQwx0M/s1600/Fracking.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0WHB5dB87d8SXGkLWPO5kRJLjHSIs0ZY0nr3QKvbTIQLJhs2k6mbPPgXXJVfEkcwCDqJwGNLZAIhxzkIIJqj9suuP-BAVbJff187zIxXLN0YTnnJeh3Q1mVzj0SWlDQdo-MoGjTQQwx0M/s1600/Fracking.jpg" height="318" width="400" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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</v:shapetype><v:shape id="irc_mi" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75"
alt="http://www.theoec.org/sites/default/files/FrackingGraphic.jpg" style='width:450pt;
height:359.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Natalie\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.jpg"
o:title="FrackingGraphic"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">What are the
environmental risks of fracking?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">methane emissions in the air and water- methane causes more
build-up of greenhouse gases</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">7-15 million liters of water per well is used- this is an
issue where water is scarce. The
industry is moving towards 100% water recycling. (Forty per cent of water used in the US is in
coal and nuclear plants.)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">fracking chemical spills contaminate the immediate area</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">air and water pollution at different stages of gas
production</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">disposal of the fracking fluids and the waste water</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">health implications on quality of life</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Of the above mentioned risks, 99% of the issues are with the
waste water disposal. Waste water is
state regulated, not federally regulated.
There is a question if the states have proper regulations to monitor
deep injection wells or is the waste water moved to another state? He adds that earthquakes are not a major
issue.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Some results from his studies:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Stray gas contamination is real. Meaning that water does catch on fire, but not
always.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Need to establish tools to detect fracking
fluids in the environment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Disposal of shale gas waste water results in
contamination and with radioactivity build up.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Water becomes contaminated from gas leaking from well
casings, surface spills and waste water treatment and storage. It is determined that living close (<1km)
to a drill site will increase the per cent of methane (also ethane and propane)
in the water. Living > 10km away reduces
this risk. There has been no evidence of
fracking fluids found in active wells.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>What are fracking
fluids?</b> They are proprietary
chemicals but they do contain high salinity, Bromide, Strontium, NORM
(Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials) and organics including benzene,
toluene, ethlybenzene, xylene and many other chemicals.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">How/where can we
treat fracking fluids?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Municipal treatment facility- these are inadequate since
the fluids will affect the domestic waste water. Bromide in the water causes carcinogenic
byproducts.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Brine treatment facility-inadequate for halogens and
radioactivity</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Deep well injection- this may induce seismicity</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Recycle to fracking- limited by water chemistry causing
scaling and radioactivity</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">What are the
solutions?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Blend acid mine drainage and fracking
fluids. The SO4 from the acid will react
with the Br, Sr and Rn capturing the radioactivity.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Completely recycle the fracking fluids.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Must have a private well >1 km from a
drilling site.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Submitted by Barbara A. Wujciak, OD</span><o:p></o:p></div>
Natalie Kwithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13253194842753306040noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4911201587892363087.post-33685718121717596712014-02-24T15:08:00.002-05:002014-02-24T15:08:40.422-05:00Farming for Food Safety<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">This past week </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">Veterinary Record</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"> published Dr. Patrick
Wall’s article “One Health and the food chain: maintaining safety</span><i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"> </i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">in a
globalized industry”</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Natalie/Desktop/NC%20OHC%20IEG%202014/Student%20Blogs/chrissy_dideriksen+blog+post.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11.5pt;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.5pt;">[2]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"> discussing the
relationship between herd and farm animals with human health. Dr. Wall argues
that the current “farm to fork” consumer’s mantra is ‘naive’ and he presents an
alternate ‘maze’-like image of the food chain where even a slice from the local
pizzeria has been impacted by legislation as far away as China--a main
distributed of vitamins for animal rations.</span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXj5KBbDll80sfTkC6nrVaGzfiTrw8YdUTlSQZ898n7NIU7sFA7jjCS8cGQwymkC-mIMpGrlMbpUMyUrgMkDW3RT8eq5oix3vj3JIRtAtIxVt9GJ11II4lB-QW_H3RhxHuoUbOC53VRyRC/s1600/Food+Supply+Chain.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXj5KBbDll80sfTkC6nrVaGzfiTrw8YdUTlSQZ898n7NIU7sFA7jjCS8cGQwymkC-mIMpGrlMbpUMyUrgMkDW3RT8eq5oix3vj3JIRtAtIxVt9GJ11II4lB-QW_H3RhxHuoUbOC53VRyRC/s1600/Food+Supply+Chain.jpg" height="219" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Natalie/Desktop/NC%20OHC%20IEG%202014/Student%20Blogs/chrissy_dideriksen+blog+post.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="text-align: start;" title="">[1]</a></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">Dr. Wall further argues that the “final objective” for the
agri-food sector should be human health and that we should look to
veterinarians and plant and animal geneticists for future food health
interventions. Though many of his ideas are quite reasonable--no one can argue
that diseased animals should not enter the food chain, he seems to be
precariously close to calling out the so-called organic and small farm industry
whose popularity is spreading beyond the affluent. Even a diet consisting of
only home-raised animals will be touched by the animal feed industry. On
the one hand, more hands in the pot of production leaves more opportunity for
contamination. On the other hand, careful involvement by veterinarians and
scientists can lead to healthier a “final product”--for example, meat with
naturally less saturated fat. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br />
</span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">Is the future of food
locally grown organics or carefully bred, monitored, and enhanced animals and
plants? </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div>
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br clear="all" />
</span><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Natalie/Desktop/NC%20OHC%20IEG%202014/Student%20Blogs/chrissy_dideriksen+blog+post.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">http://www.ineffableisland.com/2010/06/eu-funded-moniqa-tracks-edible-safety.html</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Natalie/Desktop/NC%20OHC%20IEG%202014/Student%20Blogs/chrissy_dideriksen+blog+post.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">http://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/content/174/8/189.full</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Authored by Chrissy Dideriksen</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
Natalie Kwithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13253194842753306040noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4911201587892363087.post-33061957910308964242014-02-24T14:57:00.000-05:002014-02-24T14:58:30.102-05:00Hemotropic Mycoplasmas: Insight into reservoirs and new species: Tuesday, February 18th<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The North Carolina One Health
Intellectual Exchange Group was pleased to host Ricardo Maggi, MS, Ph.D., a
well-travelled and highly respected researcher of microbiology and vector borne
pathogens. Dr. Maggi earned his
Doctorate from the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype>
of <st1:placename w:st="on">Puerto Rico</st1:placename></st1:place>, where he
researched the development of regulated gene expression systems in certain
yeasts for biotechnological applications.
Although Dr. Maggi’s research has taken him to very scenic locations
such as <st1:city w:st="on">Milan</st1:city>, he now calls <st1:state w:st="on">North Carolina</st1:state> home. Currently, Professor Maggi is Co-Director of
the Vector Borne Diseases Diagnostic Laboratory at North Carolina State
University’s College of Veterinary Medicine.
There Dr. Maggi and his team aim to develop and implement cutting edge
methods and technologies to improve the diagnosis of vector-borne
pathogens. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Dr. Maggi related with the audience
the importance of conducting research on hemotrophic mycoplasmas, and their
relevance in combating pathogenic potential in both animals and humans. Hemotrophic mycoplasmas are epierythrocytic
obligate bacteria, so evolutionary pressures have given these bacteria the
opportunity to spread with the employ of arthropods as vectors. While the ticks feed on their host, the
hemoplasmas have been provided a route to another more suitable host. Dr. Maggi explained to the Exchange Group how
infections with hemoplasmas are often regarded as chronic and largely asymptomatic,
so the optimal method of detecting infection would be through serology. Cytological examination of stained blood
smears under light microscopy had been the primary method of detecting hemoplasmas
in veterinary medicine, although there were limitations such as the proper categorization
of the many mycoplasma varieties. Dr.
Maggi and his research team have developed methods to categorize hemoplasmas
based on their genetic makeup. The
polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a biochemical technique used to amplify targeted
sections of DNA, has proven to be a viable analytical tool in the proper
identification of hemoplasmas. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The gene sequences recognized and
used by Dr. Maggi’s research team in the analysis and identification of
hemoplasma subclusters is 16S rRNA.
These sequences are present in the <i>Mycoplasma
suis</i> and <i>Mycoplasma hemofelis</i>
groups. This was an important step in
the organization of the bacteria because what was found was the tip of the
hemoplasma ice burg. Dr. Maggi then
explained to the Exchange how the <i>M. suis</i>
and <i>M. haemofelis</i> subcluster included
varietals that affected many animals that humans have established domestic or
other relationships with. Because of the
genetic similarities of the 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities within the members
of the two aforementioned subclusters, the bacteria may be best categorized by
the host that it has invaded. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Noting the breadth of research in
the proper analysis of mycoplasmas, Dr. Maggi spoke about the prevalence of the
bacterial infections in many species.
The test subjects were sourced from many regions of the world on
location. Some of these animals and
respective regions included dogs from <st1:country-region w:st="on">Greece</st1:country-region>
and domestic cats from the <st1:country-region w:st="on">United
States</st1:country-region>.
Although many animals did not display any signs of infection, in some
animals hemoplasma infection was associated with hemolytic anemia of variable
degrees of severity. Comparative
immunology was also evaluated between selected primates and humans. In all, research suggests that hemotrophic
mycoplasmas are very adaptable organisms.
They have the ability to change to fit the physiological profiles of
their respective hosts. For this reason
Dr. Maggi expressed the importance of recognizing mycoplasmas as emerging
zoonotic pathogens. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The challenge in researching the
pathogen lies in the lack of “respect” for these tick-borne pathogens in the
greater healthcare and government institutions.
Because ticks are largely isolated in heavily-wooded areas, the
potential for human infection is greatly reduced. This is especially so in urban areas, where
ticks typically do not inhabit except through the means of a travelling
host. Dr. Maggi stressed the importance
of educating the larger community of the dangers of tick-borne mycoplasmas, and
the role researchers in many disciplines may play in combating the
pathogen. This includes creative means
of attracting the proper funding to control the spread of the tick-borne
diseases. Ticks are very slow moving in
nature, and do not travel great distances from their native regions except by
latching on to a host or through other artificial transit modes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Another important point brought up
in discussion was the growing trend to globalize markets. Many livestock and other goods are
transported to different countries, and a consequence may also be the transport
of ticks and other organisms carrying pathogens. The education of animal handlers and health
workers in the proper detection and removal of ticks is essential in combating
hemoplasmas. More importantly, once the
obvious obligate has been identified, it is essential to properly screen the
inhabitants for the presence of hemoplasmas.
Dr. Maggi concluded his discussion with the students of One Health with
a charge to expand on the research already done on mycoplasmas, a largely
underappreciated pathogen with the potential to harm many species. Perhaps comparative immunology may provide
perspective on a species that is resistant to the bacteria, and may provide a
vaccine. Perhaps there may be an
arthropod species that resists the invasion.
Dr. Maggi stresses the constant transparency and collaboration between
human and veterinary medical disciplines, along with the cooperation of
environmental and governmental agencies in identifying risk factors associated
with mycoplasmas, and measures to prevent infection of a silent pathogen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Cedric Harvey<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">NCSU</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Senior, Biological Sciences-Human Biology</span><o:p></o:p></div>
Natalie Kwithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13253194842753306040noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4911201587892363087.post-68450640540085312962014-02-19T20:22:00.000-05:002014-02-19T20:22:48.715-05:00Primates and their Parasites: Disease Ecology in a Changing World: Tuesday, February 11th<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The North
Carolina One Health Collaborate was honored to host Charles Nunn, Ph.D., a
Professor of Evolutionary Anthropology and Global Health at Duke University’s
Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, as this week’s keynote speaker. Dr. Nunn,
who received his Ph.D. from Duke in 1999, left his position at Harvard
University this past year to return to the Research Triangle. Prior to his work
at Harvard, he held various positions at the Berkeley and Davis campuses of the
University of California, the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary
Anthropology, and the University of Virginia. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEzvhJowPV4XxKF626zwWGLf7VwJV9-lEIDZhHvZjfuUHBbLcrUag8QxjOJsRiACvi6uDK2dPmY_sd0eXtauvbrSYEA45DvxPStIsUB879Kc2lUNrgdbqQwYer-CoaBE9Cp4lth9lVcIcn/s1600/Nunn.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEzvhJowPV4XxKF626zwWGLf7VwJV9-lEIDZhHvZjfuUHBbLcrUag8QxjOJsRiACvi6uDK2dPmY_sd0eXtauvbrSYEA45DvxPStIsUB879Kc2lUNrgdbqQwYer-CoaBE9Cp4lth9lVcIcn/s1600/Nunn.jpg" height="320" width="213" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Dr. Nunn
currently leads the Comparative Primatology and Research Group at Duke where
his lab focuses on the ecology and evolution of infectious diseases in
wildlife, particularly among primates and other mammals. His work addresses
basic questions about wildlife diseases as well as zoonotic disease risks and
the conservation of biodiversity. He conducts large-scale studies on parasites
that infect mammals to understand patterns of disease risk in natural systems,
especially at the ecological interface between humans and wildlife. Through
statistical analysis and modeling, he studies the spread of infectious agents
in wildlife populations. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Dr. Nunn began
his talk by comparing the number of parasites found in wild primates to those
found in humans. The data was staggeringly clear: humans are afflicted with a
substantially higher rate of parasites. Interestingly, early humans faced rates
comparable to those of modern day wild primates. Dr. Nunn addressed this
difference by discussing the changes in our lifestyles, activity levels, as
well as the impacts of the agricultural revolution and its influence on the
spillover of diseases between humans and animals. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">After his
introduction, Dr. Nunn’s presentation narrowed and shifted in focus to
explicitly illustrate how research that integrates theoretical modeling and
broad evolutionary comparisons is providing new insights to infectious disease
ecology. Ultimately, it is his hope that these studies and comparisons will
continue to increase our understanding of human disease risk, an idea
elaborated upon by discussing the details of parasite sharing in wild primates
and what this information can tell us about our own infections. Dr. Nunn went
on to discuss how population group size influences parasitism in the wild and
then explained the intricacies of the various meta-analysis techniques
employable for this purpose. These kinds of meta-analysis techniques were also
used to determine what the consequences (in terms of disease risk) are when
humans disrupt natural ecological communities, another idea brought up by Dr.
Nunn. Audience questions focused on these complex meta-analyses and their
methodology and application. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Although often overly
dramatized in science fiction thriller novels and films, infectious diseases
pose a real threat to humans worldwide. If we reduce our focus to just zoonotic
diseases, we see the Bas-Congo virus in the Democratic Republic of the Congo,
the Novel Coronavirus in the Middle East, and the Hantavirus in Yosemite, among
others, as present real-life examples of infectious diseases affecting various
parts of the world. The pages of history have shown what a profound impact
these kinds of diseases and other infectious diseases can have on the cultures,
prosperity, and survival of entire population groups. As we look forward toward
the remainder of the 21<sup>st</sup> century, we must reflect on lessons from
the past and acknowledge that infectious diseases will inevitably (and
unfortunately) continue to help steer the present direction of our lives and
future as a species. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">This new
century also brings with it novel considerations and unforeseen challenges for
us to tackle. The effects of climate change threaten to result in the emersion
of new disease vectors that will exacerbate transmission and infection among
humans. Furthermore, as bacteria become resistant to our traditional antibiotic
treatments, we will be forced to adapt and alter how we practice both
veterinarian and human medicine. Ultimately, understanding ecology and
evolution will be essential on our path toward addressing problems like these.
As shown by Dr. Nunn, adopting a multiple disciplinary perspective might lead
to additional insight that will help us discover resolutions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Post authored by Thomas Woo, a
junior majoring in biological sciences (human biology concentration) at North
Carolina State University. </span><o:p></o:p></div>
Natalie Kwithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13253194842753306040noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4911201587892363087.post-2691454017017470662014-02-11T21:31:00.000-05:002014-02-19T20:23:07.043-05:00The Link Between Domestic Violence and Animal Abuse<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Recently Ohio.com published an article entitled “Animal
abuse often signals domestic violence; Canton rescue group fills the need for
fearful victims.” <sup>[1]</sup> The article details the work of Peace for Pets
(peaceforpets.org) who provide a place for people who are fleeing abusive
relationships to find a safe place for their pets without leaving them behind. So,
why is this important?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> There
are three reasons to focus on pets when it comes to domestic violence. The
first is that animal abuse can be a sign of domestic violence in a home. Women
in shelters were 11 times more likely to report the animal abuse then to report
the abuse they themselves were experiencing.<sup>[2]</sup> The second is that the animal abuse is also
abuse on the people. Most shelter women and children reported that seeing the
animal abused added to the distress they were feeling in this situations.<sup>[2]</sup>
The last reason is the crux of what Peace for Pets is doing; women who were
abused said that concern for the pet prevented them from leaving their abusers.<sup>[2]<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div>
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<sup><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></sup></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Authored by Chris Pierson<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">References</span></div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Antoniotti, Kathy. 2013. “Animal Abuse often
signals domestic violence; Canton rescue group fills the need for fearful
victims.” Ohio.com. January 2014. </span><a href="http://www.ohio.com/news/animal-abuse-often-signals-domestic-violence-canton-rescue-group-fills-need-for-fearful-victims-1.462792" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">http://www.ohio.com/news/animal-abuse-often-signals-domestic-violence-canton-rescue-group-fills-need-for-fearful-victims-1.462792</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Ascione, FR, CV Weber, TM Thompson, J Heath, M
Maruyama, K Hayashi. 2007. “Battered Pets and Domestic Violence: Animal Abuse
Reported by Women Experiencing Intimate Violence and by Nonabused Women.” </span><i style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Violence Against Women </i><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">[Internet].
13:354. (Apr 2007). Accessed 11 Feb 2014. </span><a href="http://vaw.sagepub.com/content/13/4/354.full.pdf+html" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">http://vaw.sagepub.com/content/13/4/354.full.pdf+html</a></span></li>
</ul>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
Natalie Kwithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13253194842753306040noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4911201587892363087.post-71828760196678970682014-02-11T21:08:00.000-05:002014-02-19T20:23:24.809-05:00One Health, One Welfare: Supporting human livelihoods through improved health and welfare of working animals: Tuesday, February 4th<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Andy
Stringer, BVSc PhD MRCVS is Director of Veterinary Programmes for SPANA
(Society for the Protection of Animals Abroad) where he directs SPANA’s global
veterinary programs. SPANA (www.spana.org) is a British charity that works to
improve the health and welfare of working animals worldwide, and thereby
support the livelihoods of those who depend on them. Dr. Stringer also holds a
position as an Honorary Lecturer in International Animal Health at the
Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool where he is
involved in teaching and research.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu4NdxmK4C23TgW1gYTvRvZHd_mDartptv4b7g6ActiLjEOEx7eLKIOgAznrktQY2GlGEtan2nYz2CaGcn8FRj18x6HF8IGq4B98K4JaPn_1HfhEqzhtWa0YBm_GpLo19-ah2tkn6ukIVl/s1600/Andy+Question.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu4NdxmK4C23TgW1gYTvRvZHd_mDartptv4b7g6ActiLjEOEx7eLKIOgAznrktQY2GlGEtan2nYz2CaGcn8FRj18x6HF8IGq4B98K4JaPn_1HfhEqzhtWa0YBm_GpLo19-ah2tkn6ukIVl/s1600/Andy+Question.jpg" height="320" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">SPANA’s primary objective to improve the health and welfare of
working animals worldwide can be reached through a multifaceted approach that
includes providing direct veterinary care through clinics and
field work, improving and supporting the training and capacity building of vet
professionals and paraprofessionals, supporting teaching institutions in
country, providing community education, and conducting research programs and
evaluations of all of the above. In
addition SPANA provides limited response to emergency situations encompassing
both environmental disasters and conflict related emergency care of equine work
animals. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Work animals can include the span of
horses, camels, oxen, and donkeys (most common). These animals are at risk for
misuse and abuse because they are largely absent from protection within
agricultural and research regulations and therefore the ownership and treatment
of these animals varies and is often attached to more to cultural values rather
than ethical values. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Dr. Stringer delved into the discussion
of the sustainable
livelihoods approach (SLA), which is a way to improve understanding of the
livelihoods of poor people. By building
assets including human, social, natural, physical, and financial capital,
individuals and households develop their capacity to cope with the challenges
they encounter and to meet their needs on a sustained basis. Dr.
Stringer mentions a quote that was told to him by a villager: </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Lucida Handwriting";">“If you have a healthy working animal
you can be the King of a village, if you have no animal you can be the King of
poverty”</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Dr. Stringer encourages a holistic
approach to help animals. The relief of
suffering, which can include heat exposure, potential for injury, overworked
conditions, inadequate diets, and inadequate handling equipment, is crucial for
the longevity of the animals. Among the
major issues is one of inadequate veterinary care where animals lack
appropriate treatment for infections, foreign body ingestion, and wounds caused
by poor harnesses (abscesses), traffic accidents and poor home remedies
including burning. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Examples of some of the projects being
implemented were given:</span></div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Changing harnesses for safer versions locally made to help prevent wounds</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Reflective ear tags for animals to wear for
reduction of night traffic accidents</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Providing proper saddles for
transporting pregnant women from mountains which are also comfortable and
ergonomically correct for animal use</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Challenges of Interventions include how
to sustainably change attitudes, knowledge, culture.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Dr Stringer entertained multiple
questions from the audience include ones regarding:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Infection transmission between owners
and animals which he answered as unknown because of limited available information</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Has there been a “mutual healer”
training to address both human and animal needs? “no”</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">How does SPANA help in communities of
displaced people and their work animals?</span></li>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">This is addressed with helping offload
animals from their owners and then often gifting them back or selling them back
for a reduced price which helps to keep the animals in a stable environment
while the owners re-establish. This is
supported with a restocking with animals from the region as naïve animals that
are brought in are susceptible to illness and people may have better knowledge
of native species.</span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<div style="text-indent: -24px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl-PvJ88TXcQ8_S92q1nzWzBguTMe4VpKaLZebA1j4WNf8GLGRo3hLXw2OZBwySLjxdPMe8wbHAF7V_ZiOUUCGWkoQjALWDUD1VBP8mmwYe5YFkpMF_1byDTOfYDs22jbq8lOLa3GZ-7p8/s1600/Andy+Discussion.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl-PvJ88TXcQ8_S92q1nzWzBguTMe4VpKaLZebA1j4WNf8GLGRo3hLXw2OZBwySLjxdPMe8wbHAF7V_ZiOUUCGWkoQjALWDUD1VBP8mmwYe5YFkpMF_1byDTOfYDs22jbq8lOLa3GZ-7p8/s1600/Andy+Discussion.jpg" height="320" width="240" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The presentation concluded with a
quote from a recent article published about </span><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">One
Health:</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Lucida Handwriting";">“It is time to consider whether One
Health will prove to be a short-lived response to a spate of emerging diseases
that apparently threatened to engulf the world, or a paradigm shift that will
lead to a wider and deeper commitment to interdisciplinary action addressing
the protection and needs of society in the 21<sup>st</sup> century”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Lucida Handwriting";">– E. Paul J. Gibbs., BVSc, PhD, FRCVS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">To which he responded that while he
hopes it is the latter, he feels as though the interdisciplinary world is
currently in a stage of doubt, but hopes it will be followed closely by
acceptance. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Authored by Christina Gonzalez</span></div>
Natalie Kwithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13253194842753306040noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4911201587892363087.post-19903511705763676292014-01-29T19:55:00.003-05:002014-01-29T19:55:53.358-05:00Cryptococcus gattii Spreading in North America<div class="MsoNormal">
The Centers for Disease Control reported late last year that Cryptococcus gattii fungal infections were diagnosed in Alabama (1), California (13), Florida (1), Georgia (5), Hawaii (1), Michigan (1), Montana (1), and New Mexico (2) since 2009. This is surprising because the fungus only first emerged in North America in British Columbia in 2009. Shortly after, it spread to the Pacific Northwest, and it has now reached the North American East Coast.</div>
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<br /></div>
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C. gattii infections are contracted by inhalation of fungal spores after encountering areas of decaying forest matter or areas near pigeon droppings, which support the growth of the fungus<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span>. The resulting cryptococcosis infection can lead to pulmonary irritation/infection and potential pneumonia or, more seriously, central nervous system infection<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span>. Animals present symptoms similar to humans, and the wide array of species that have been affected includes cats, dogs, birds, ferrets, llamas, alpacas, goats, sheep, horses, and porpoises.<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Fungal infections have been known to generally threaten only immunocompromised humans and animals, and infections of this type have usually been associated with the opportunistic pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans rather than C. gattii. These recent North American infections have been reported in otherwise clinically healthy people and animals, and the C. gattii infections have been more difficult treat than C. neoformans<span style="font-size: xx-small;">3</span>. According to microbiologists such as Joseph Heitman, Director for Center for Microbial Pathogenesis at Duke University Medical Center,<span style="font-size: xx-small;">4</span> these developments and the changes in geographic spread could be due to C. gattii participating in sexual reproduction and forming previously unseen and more virulent strains. Additionally, global climate changes could be playing a role in providing new ideal environments for the fungus. This is thought to be the case in British Columbia, where Douglas fir trees were discovered to be hosting the organism after several years during which the average temperature in the area was consistently one degree higher than normal<span style="font-size: xx-small;">3</span>. The new North American cases were not always connected with travel to places in which the fungus is endemic within the expected incubation period of 2-13 months<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span>. Such instances could suggest that the C. gattii strains arrived years earlier from endemic regions, but are just now causing illnesses as the climates in their new habitats have become more favorable<span style="font-size: xx-small;">3</span>. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Authored by <span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Paige Meier</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">References:</span></div>
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</div>
<ol>
<li><span style="background-color: white; text-indent: -0.25in;">Harris JR, SR
Lockhart, G Sondermeyer, DJ Vugia, MB Crist, MT D’Angelo, et al.</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> 2013.
“</span><i style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Cryptococcus gattii</i><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; text-indent: -0.25in;">infections in multiple states outside the US Pacific
Northwest.” <i>Emerg Infect Dis</i>
[Internet]. 19.10 (Oct 2013). Accessed </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">20 Jan 2014</span><span style="background-color: white; text-indent: -0.25in;">. </span><a href="http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/19/10/13-0441_article.htm">http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/19/10/13-0441_article.htm</a> </li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; text-indent: -0.25in;">Nielsen K, AL De
Obaldia, J Heitman. 2007. “</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Cryptococcus neoformans mates on pigeon guano:
implications for the realized ecological niche and globalization.” </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17449657" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><i><span style="color: windowtext;">Eukaryot Cell.</span></i></a><i style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </i><span style="background-color: white; text-indent: -0.25in;">6.6 (Jun 2007): 949-59. Accessed 20 Jan 2014. </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17449657">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17449657</a></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Frazer, J. 2013. “Fungi on the March.” </span><i style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Scientific
American</i><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">. 309(Nov 2013)</span><span style="background-color: white; text-indent: -0.25in;">: 50-57. Accessed 20 Jan 2014. </span><a href="http://www.nature.com/scientificamerican/journal/v309/n6/full/scientificamerican1213-50.html">http://www.nature.com/scientificamerican/journal/v309/n6/full/scientificamerican1213-50.html</a>.</li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Heitman, J. 2013. “Sexual reproduction and the
emergence and evolution of microbial pathogens.” </span><i style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Duke University Medical Center for Microbial Pathogenesis</i><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">. Accessed
20 Jan 2014. </span><a href="http://mgm.duke.edu/microbial/mycology/heitman/" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">http://mgm.duke.edu/microbial/mycology/heitman/</a><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 7pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Naureen I, EE DeBess, R Wohrle, B Sun, RJ nett,
AM Ahlquist, T Chiller, SR Lockhart. 2009. “Correlation of genotype and </span><i style="text-indent: -0.25in;">in vitro</i><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> susceptibilities of </span><i style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Cryptococcus gattii</i><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> strains from the
Pacific Northwest of the United States.” J. Clin. Micorobiol. 48.2 (Dec 2009):
539. Accessed 20 Jan 2014. </span><a href="http://jcm.asm.org/content/48/2/539.full.pdf+html">http://jcm.asm.org/content/48/2/539.full.pdf+html</a>.</li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Duncan CG, C Stephen, J Campbell. 2006.
“Evaluation of risk factors for Cryptococcus gattii infection in dogs and
cats.” J Am Vet Med Assoc. 228.3 (Feb 2006): 377-82. Accessed 20 Jan 2014. </span><a href="http://avmajournals.avma.org/doi/abs/10.2460/javma.228.3.377?prevSearch=allfield%253A%2528c.%2Bgatti%2529&searchHistoryKey">http://avmajournals.avma.org/doi/abs/10.2460/javma.228.3.377?prevSearch=allfield%253A%2528c.%2Bgatti%2529&searchHistoryKey</a>.</li>
</ol>
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Natalie Kwithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13253194842753306040noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4911201587892363087.post-18060025374837835972014-01-28T18:05:00.000-05:002014-01-29T19:18:21.885-05:00A Multidisciplinary Approach to Parasitic Diseases: Tuesday, January 21st<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXSG6FrdVnEpF1TWkiE-9SIt7Uls_IgYrI995BKxXN4TRP_A8kHWBo1f48mOW8Kn4PH7RL__JjgD2FptnuOFVMGN1Q-AbVhpFVNqB3NUA8sETZC38OLAmFWpy-NEaw_5U0yMr6C3HtByTa/s1600/Gonzalez+Jan+21.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXSG6FrdVnEpF1TWkiE-9SIt7Uls_IgYrI995BKxXN4TRP_A8kHWBo1f48mOW8Kn4PH7RL__JjgD2FptnuOFVMGN1Q-AbVhpFVNqB3NUA8sETZC38OLAmFWpy-NEaw_5U0yMr6C3HtByTa/s1600/Gonzalez+Jan+21.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Armando E. Gonzalez, PhD, is the head of the Veterinary
Epidemiology and Economics Laboratory at the San Marcos School of Veterinary
Medicine in Peru. He obtained a Master
degree in microbiology from San Marcos and his PhD in veterinary epidemiology
and economics at the University of Reading.
He holds an Associate Appointment at the Bloomberg School of Public
Health (Johns Hopkins University), and is currently the president of the
Peruvian Academy of Veterinary Sciences.
Dr. Gonzalez devotes his time to the study of the control and
transmission of cysticerosis, and the tapeworm <i>Taenia solium</i>. Specifically,
his research examines the transmission of zoonotic cestodes and the role that invertebrates
play in <i>T. solium</i> egg
dispersion. His talk at the North
Carolina One Health Intellectual Exchange centered on the epidemiology of <i>T. solium,</i> as well as, intervention and
control techniques used in multidisciplinary approaches to parasitic
diseases. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dr. Gonzalez began his talk with a brief explanation of the zoonotic
cestode parasite <i>T. solium’s</i> life
cycle. <i>T. solium</i> infection, and the resulting disease cysticerosis, is
prevalent in less developed regions throughout the world including Latin
America, Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa.
High transmission rates are associated with poor sanitation and hygiene,
poverty, low living standards, poor waste disposal, and primitive pig husbandry
sites. Pigs become infected when they
consume gravid proglottids (<i>T. solium
eggs</i>), that are contained in the human feces. These pigs act as the intermediate host and
develop porcine cysticerosis. Humans,
the definitive host, then ingest viable cysts when eating undercooked meat and
develop Taeniasis. Human intestinal
cysticerosis is generally asymptomatic; however, when humans acquire the larval
stage through the ingestion of eggs, neurological problems develop. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Dr. Gonzalez argued that continual porcine infection
reflects the poor development state of endemic areas, and that the only
long-term sustainable solution and control strategy to eradicate this infection
is to improve development. Dr. Gonzalez
supports this argument by stating the failure of the World Health
Organization’s strategy: slaughterhouse control, which lacks sustainability and
only removes 3% of cases. Other tested
control strategies included mass human chemotherapy, which decreased prevalence
but lacked sustainability; health education; and immunotherapy. Other alternatives included pig treatment,
pig corralling, pig vaccination, pig re-population, and refinement of how meat
is processed. Examples of Peruvian
methods involved killing the tapeworm and treating infected pigs, a solution
that included both medical doctors and veterinarians, yet still showed no
success. Nonetheless, this collaboration
between professionals was later key to the elimination of <i>T. solium</i>. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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However, research results noted a matched interval incidence
pattern that occurred for both control and intervention areas, suggesting an
unknown variable or mechanism of transmission.
A simulation model was developed, and it was concluded that the control
methods mentioned above are not sustainable because <i>T. solium</i> returns to endemic stability after only two years
following control interventions. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Dr. Gonzalez aimed to develop and evaluate a new control
strategy based on serologic identification, mass targeted chemotherapy, and
evaluation of efficacy. His research,
and work with the board of the Cysticerosis Working Group in Peru, is
responsible for transmission interruption of <i>T. solium</i> in an area with 100,000 inhabitants. This control strategy involved the
collaboration of veterinarians and medical doctors and provides an ideal
example of a successful One Health type approach. The team eliminated cysticerosis using 4
rounds of Oxfendazole on pigs and two rounds of human chemotherapy with 142
days between human interventions. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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GIS technology was used to further examine two rural
Peruvian villages. The data revealed
that 35% of pigs were infected with Spiruroid nemotodes (<i>Ascarops strongylina</i>), a pig parasite which utilizes dung beetles
as an intermediate host. The odds of the
pigs having viable cysts increased nearly four times in pigs with <i>Ascarops strongylina</i> compared to those
without. Additional evidence for dung
beetles as a potential source of the infection came from the discovery that <i>T. solium</i> eggs were found to remain
viable in the dung beetle’s intestine for at least one week following ingestion. Dr. Gonzalez noted that <i>T. solium</i> proglottids do not move and are very sticky; therefore
this discovery is crucial to understanding the dispersion and transmission of
cysticerosis. Additionally, only a small
number of alpha male pigs consume human feces, which indicates that another
dispersion route in addition to pigs consumption was involved. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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If this is true and invertebrates are involved, Dr. Gonzalez
argued that control and elimination activities will not change. However, this knowledge will be taken into
account for more intensive veterinary inspection, corralling, diagnostic inspections,
and tongue examinations. Dr. Gonzalez concluded his talk by arguing the
importance of a multidisciplinary approach that involves medical doctors,
veterinarians, biologists, mathematicians, entomologists, sociologists, and
environmentalists to solve not only parasitic diseases, such as cysticerosis,
but many health problems that plague the world. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Blog Post authored by: Emma Seagle (UNC)<o:p></o:p></div>
Natalie Kwithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13253194842753306040noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4911201587892363087.post-9894443362541598022014-01-28T17:50:00.000-05:002014-01-29T19:18:33.821-05:00From 2/3 to One Health: an MD’s Perspective. Tuesday January 14th<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghBpxUFTY4anDUXnsa0nOebdi0nB_Mxbo07MM6vbM52WeDP2oHYs2WYNkSsgUZpAj-GwKwJCwDyYN_BNFWNkF0Ndt2qUWTmsaicIlpsqOIhEBizfDu_B0WEx7z620UUcu0jd87i_3s0FzX/s1600/Rabinowitz+Jan+14.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghBpxUFTY4anDUXnsa0nOebdi0nB_Mxbo07MM6vbM52WeDP2oHYs2WYNkSsgUZpAj-GwKwJCwDyYN_BNFWNkF0Ndt2qUWTmsaicIlpsqOIhEBizfDu_B0WEx7z620UUcu0jd87i_3s0FzX/s1600/Rabinowitz+Jan+14.jpg" /></a></div>
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The One Health Discussion series continued this year with
Peter Rabinowitz, MD, MPH who is an Associate Professor in the Department of
Environmental and Occupational Health Science and the Department of Global
Health at the University of Washington, where he directs the Human Animal
Medicine Project. <a href="http://deohs.washington.edu/hamp/">http://deohs.washington.edu/hamp/</a> He completed a Family Medicine residency at UC San Francisco and a fellowship in
General Preventive Medicine/Occupational and Environmental Medicine at the Yale
School of Medicine. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Human Animal Medicine Project explores the linkages
between human, animal, and environmental health including zoonotic infectious
disease at the human-animal interface, animals as ‘sentinels’ of environmental
health hazards, and clinical collaboration between human health care providers
and veterinarians in a species-spanning approach. A goal of the Project is to
serve as an incubator and organizer of research, training, and clinical
activities at the University of Washington related to the
human-animal-ecosystem interface.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dr. Rabinowitz began the discussion by providing a working
definition: “One Health (formerly called One Medicine) is dedicated to
improving the lives of all species—human and animal—through the integration of
human medicine, veterinary medicine and environmental science.” He provided a history of One Health through
examples from Virchow, Osler, and Schwabe.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Dr. Rabinowitz emphasized the emerging and reemerging
infections from vector-borne or zoonotic means.
He explained the intensification of agriculture, resulting in large
farms of pigs and chickens, with chickens reaching numbers into the 20 billion.
He also noted how deforestation and changing water resources are changing the
global environment. He emphasized how 50% of US households have pets, with most
pets being in households with children.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It was noted how the concept of ‘One Health’ has gained
endorsements from the WHO, CDC, USDA, OIE, FAO, AMA, AVMA, CPHA, NCCID, and the
Gates Foundation. It spans the concepts
of individual health, population health, and ecosystem health encompassing
Zoonotic infections along with Comparative Medicine/Translational Medicine.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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He endorsed the book “Zoobiquity: The Astonishing Connection
Between Human and Animal Health” by Barbara Natterson-Horowitz and Kathryn
Bowers.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Dr. Rabinowitz noted the disparity of One Health Programs, which are more prevalent in Veterinary schools than Medical schools.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Several case presentations were made. The first involved a dog with a mass in his spinal column and its owner with non-specific
gastrointestinal symptoms that progressed to altered mental status and fever of
unknown origin. A discussion ensued from
all fields as to the differential and appropriate course of care. Quite quickly, a differential of Rocky Mountain
Spotted Fever was offered and a review of the pathophysiology was covered. In the case example, the Veterinarian received the
diagnosis from the CDC through pathology and conveyed the information to the
Physician resulting in the corrected treatment and resolution of symptoms. A
discussion followed as to how the case could have been handled more efficiently
and effectively. Most discussion focused
on developing a better monitoring infrastructure and communication network. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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A second case was presented involving a pregnant woman with
cats exhibiting anorexia, dehydration, ataxia, tremor, and hypersalivation for
3 weeks which was ineffectively treated with an H2 blocker for reflux. The cats
where admitted to a veterinary hospital where they were found to be anemic with
lead levels that was lethal to one of the cats even after chelation therapy. The pregnant woman was instructed to
follow-up with her own doctor and was found to have a lead level of 40mcg/dL.
It turned out that she was stripping old paint with a blowtorch while preparing
her house for the baby. A discussion
ensued as to how animals can act as sentinels and how the case could have been
handled differently. The conversation focused
on better avenues of communication.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There was an emphasis on barriers to One Health including
the following: Professional Segregation,
‘Us vs Them’ attitude, need for evidence, training structure, time needed for
paradigm shifts, and location. There
should be a shift from an ‘Us vs Them’ mentality to a ‘Shared Risk’ viewpoint.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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The cases were reviewed with this vantage point with a
postulated shared electronic medical record that would be able to alert an MD
for a possible differential prompting a quicker diagnosis and treatment with
cost savings. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
New Competencies for Human Health were suggested including:</div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Understanding of shared environmental risks</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Including veterinarians in health care</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Ability to interpret comparative medical
information</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Awareness of the role of zoonotic infection in both
acute and chronic disease; including smoldering infection</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Awareness of the relevance of a shared microbiome</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
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There was emphasis on developing evidence for clinical
relevance of animal disease events to humans through retrospective review of
veterinary medical charts. The example
of feline asthma was given as sentinels of air quality. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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The session concluded with reference back to the Human
Animal Medicine Project and the Zoobiquity conference in Seattle. <a href="http://zoobiquity.com/events/upcoming-events/">http://zoobiquity.com/events/upcoming-events/</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Post authored by Johann Hsu, MD<o:p></o:p></div>
Natalie Kwithttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13253194842753306040noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4911201587892363087.post-89540205928078294022013-01-16T11:08:00.000-05:002013-01-16T11:08:00.563-05:00A short One Health video out of the University of Dublin<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/SiJk1LegLIM?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
<br />
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4911201587892363087.post-54060355477696915112013-01-14T10:11:00.000-05:002013-01-14T10:11:31.984-05:00ZoobiquityWhen UCLA cardiologist Dr. Barbara Natterson-Horowitz was called to
the LA Zoo in spring 2005 to consult on the heart operation on a
tamarin, little did she know it was a visit that would change her
life, and possibly change how medical care is delivered throughout
the world. She had an 'Aha!' moment as she began realizing just how
many human health conditions are manifested by animals and managed
by Veterinarians.
Barbara’s work, including her book “Zoobiquity”, has set the human
and animal medical communities on fire by articulating how many
physical and even behavioral disorders are nearly the same in both
animals and humans. As a result, veterinarians and doctors are
beginning to collaborate in an unprecedented way, opening up new
thinking about medical care for both animals and humans.<br />
<br />
On January 10, 2013, 'Zoobiquity' authors, Barbara
Natterson-Horowitz, MD and Kathryn Bowers, Science Writer, were
featured in a teleconference (sponsored by the PetsOnTime website
team). Over 75 health professionals from across many disciplines
phoned in to participate. You can listen to the very enlightening
recording online at <br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://petsontime.com/interview/dr-barbara-natterson-horowitz-animal-human-health-connection" target="_blank">http://petsontime.com/<wbr></wbr>interview/dr-barbara-<wbr></wbr>natterson-horowitz-animal-<wbr></wbr>human-health-connection</a></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4911201587892363087.post-55318688306343537012012-04-29T13:21:00.001-04:002012-04-29T13:21:28.230-04:00Summer/Fall One Health Sessions 2012The North Carolina One Health Collaborative's One Health Intellectual Exchange Sessions will continue monthly throughout the Summer and Fall of 2012. The weekly course will be back in Spring 2013. As always, all sessions are open to the public and held at the <a href="http://www.ncbiotech.org/about-us/regional-offices/directions" target="_blank">North Carolina Biotechnology Center</a>.<br />
<br />
The next monthly session will be in June. For scheduling and speaker information, please check:<br />
<a href="http://nconehealthcollaborative.weebly.com/">http://nconehealthcollaborative.weebly.com</a><br />
and/or<br />
<a href="http://triangleglobalhealth.ning.com/group/tghconehealth%20" target="_blank">http://triangleglobalhealth.ning.com/group/tghconehealth </a><br />
<br />
Thanks!jniemuthhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10377854820477282346noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4911201587892363087.post-12511061046339837962012-04-29T13:09:00.001-04:002012-04-29T13:09:46.526-04:00One Health: A Concept for the 21st Century<style>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Dr. Laura Kahn, MD, MPH, MPP, FACP, is a physician and
researcher with the Program on Science and Global Security at the Woodrow
Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, at Princeton University.
Before joining the staff at the University, however, she was a managing
physician for the New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, a
medical officer for the United States Food and Drug Administration in
Rockville, Maryland, and attending physician at Prince George’s Hospital in
Cheverly, Maryland and a staff physician at Gouveneur Hospital in New York, New
York. She is a fellow of the American College of Physicians (ACP) and
is a recipient of the New Jersey Chapter’s Laureate Award. Dr. Kahn is also an honorary diplomate of the American Veterinary Epidemiology Society.</span><br />
<br />
</div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu_29SxWgEVcDZpG-tisezn1ZwbR7PWRUuUDT38kmphRkVsj8UpK3gACHOwbexpMf67pu_kLz9jw0VGMw41xp44YblwZhzhz7-iYbIiooMpgMoHL6rRx1CEarC7jei_4bJ7ocJRvtAweWN/s1600/Laura+Kahn+1.tif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu_29SxWgEVcDZpG-tisezn1ZwbR7PWRUuUDT38kmphRkVsj8UpK3gACHOwbexpMf67pu_kLz9jw0VGMw41xp44YblwZhzhz7-iYbIiooMpgMoHL6rRx1CEarC7jei_4bJ7ocJRvtAweWN/s400/Laura+Kahn+1.tif" width="260" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dr. Kahn emphasizing the need for One Health with Nipah Virus and Q Fever as examples.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Dr. Kahn started her presentation with comparing two One
Health case studies, which included the Nipah Virus in Malaysia from 1998-1999,
and Q fever, which occurred in the Netherlands from 2007 to 2009. She explained
that both cases involved the challenges of intensive agriculture, which is
becoming increasingly important as the world population increases. Intensive
agriculture is needed to feed the seven billion people on the planet and so
this issue is becoming ever more pertinent to our lives. Analyzing these cases
may perhaps allow us to learn how to avoid catastrophes, such as these, in the
future. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;">The Nipah virus outbreak occurred in the Eastern areas of
Malaysia, and was primarily caused by environmental problems. In 1997, a
massive deforestation effort was undertaken in this area of Malaysia, in order
to clear area for new pig farms. This resulted in a thick haze in the area, and
the loss of trees caused fruit bats to lose their natural habitat. As such,
pigs and bats came into contact with each other in an area where they never had
before. As fruit bats ate and came in contact with contaminated fruits, the
bats would transmit viruses and perhaps other pathogens to pigs through their
droppings. The pigs would then be a source of exposure to humans, who fell ill
due to these viruses. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;">The signs and symptoms of the Nipah Virus, according to Dr.
Kahn, are primarily neurologic, in animals. However in humans, fever, nausea,
vomiting, headache, and dizziness are common. She went on to explain that the
outbreak of the virus was initially mistaken for Japanese encephalitis (JE),
but patients who had been vaccinated against JE were getting sick. Researchers
and public health officials started ruling out other diseases until the virus
was finally identified in March of 1999. It was also found that the natural
host of the virus was in fruit bats and that it was primarily spread by
infected secretions. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;">The virus yielded severe economic consequences for
Malaysians, as half the pigs had to be culled to contain the outbreak. Trade
with Hong Kong and Singapore, which were strong trade partners with Malaysia
before the outbreak, came to a sudden halt. Dr. Kahn explained that had proper
planning been employed prior to the deforestation, these economic, public
health, and environmental catastrophes could have been avoided. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Similarly, Q Fever could also have been avoided if proper
prior planning had been enforced. This outbreak began in dairy goat farms in
the Netherlands. The “Q” in Q Fever, according to Dr. Kahn, stands for “query,”
because physicians did not know what was causing the disease when it first came
to light in the 1930s. However, it was eventually identified as an obligate
intracellular organism, which spreads through the air. Humans with the fever do
not necessarily show symptoms, unlike in the Nipah virus, as 50% of patients do
not report any symptoms following infection. However, the symptoms that are
reported include pneumonitis, endocarditis, and granulomas, among other
pathologies. In livestock, though, there are very dramatic symptoms. Birth
products are highly infectious and infections in pregnant livestock usually
presents as spontaneous abortions. Ticks can also spread the infection. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Dr. Kahn went on to explain that many of these problems were
due to poor coordination and cooperation between human and veterinary health
officials. The challenge for governments was to balance the farmer’s interests
with public health. Problems also arose due to the fact that initially the
disease was not reportable. Farmers wanted to avoid public stigma and because
veterinarians were not required to report the infections, public health
officials were not notified and therefore, could not warn humans, which lead to
the outbreak spiraling out of control in humans. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;">These studies illustrate the challenges of
intensive agriculture and balancing the need to provide affordable food with
environmental health and sustainability, now that we have a global population
around seven billion people. Hopefully by remembering the problems that lead to
these aforementioned crises, we may be able to avoid them ourselves. However,
we must employ the use of a One Health approach when viewing public health
problems. It is becoming increasingly difficult, though, because of systematic challenges
that prevent the One Health approach from being used. These are listed below:</span></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<ul style="font-family: inherit;">
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Institutions – Dr. Kahn explained that when viewing and
analyzing institutions, their mission statement is critical in understanding
its priorities and which issues it will likely pursue. These institutions
include international, national, regional, and local infrastructures. Take for
example the United States, under the executive branch, the Department of Health
and Human Services, and a few other departments, have disease control,
prevention, and surveillance for humans in their mission statement. However, no
department has animal disease control, prevention, or surveillance in their
mission statement, which shows a lack of interest and concern with this issue.
Furthermore, it illustrates the fact that these institutions do not understand
the interconnectedness between human and animal health.
</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Funding – This is responsible for, and determines, programs
and activities. Funding is allocated to specific agencies, for specific
purposes, and these purposes are typically in line with the mission of the
organization. Because no specific organization exists solely, or even in part,
for the control, prevention, or surveillance of disease in animals, it is not
surprise that almost no money goes into animal disease research, compared to
human medical research. For example, the budget for the Centers for Disease
Control was $11 Billion in 2010, whereas it was $760 Million for APHIS, which
is the Animal Plant Health Inspection Service. “Paucity of funds for animal
disease surveillance, control, prevention, and research makes implementing One
Health difficult,” Dr. Kahn expressed with concern.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Education – 137 medical schools exist in the
United States, whereas only 28 veterinary schools exist. The same ratio exists
around the world, as well. This disproportionate number of medical schools
compared to veterinary medical schools is responsible for the vast number of
human medical physicians compared to veterinarians, practicing in the United
States. Furthermore, a majority of the practicing veterinarians are in small
animal care, which is important and is what the public demands, but fewer
veterinarians are in large animal practice, which is necessary for proper
surveillance of diseases that concern One Health. Dr. Kahn also expressed the need
for One Health Degree Programs, which would offer Master’s or Doctoral degree
programs in One Health. In addition to biostatistics and epidemiology courses,
she elaborated, subjects would include food and water safety and security,
environmental health, urban development, agriculture and sustainability, and
zoonotic diseases.</span></li>
<li>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;">Attitudes – Perhaps the most challenging issue to tackle,
will be this. In a survey of 4897 physicians and 4144 veterinarians across the
United States, 80% of MDs and 45% of DVMs replied that they never communicate
with their colleagues in the alternate field. They also expressed at a high
rate that they would never be interested in doing so. Primarily, specialist
physicians said that they would not likely ever encounter rare zoonotic
diseases in their practice, so they concluded that conversing with DVMs would
not be worth their time. DVMs, though, believe that more interaction would be
helpful, but MDs typically have little respect for veterinarians and show
little interest in potential zoonotic diseases. This is a cause for major
concern, as zoonotic diseases are a stark reality for thousands of people
across this country, and physicians should be more educated on this issue.</span></div>
</li>
</ul>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Dr. Kahn believes that addressing these systematic challenges
could be done by creating One Health Organizations, which would have a unified
interdisciplinary mission. Their priorities would be, equally, human, animal,
and environmental health. Disease surveillance, control, prevention, and
research for humans, animals, and the environment would be a core mission of
the organization and this would be reflected in its budgets for each of these
areas. Furthermore, education could be revamped by implementing Colleges of One
Health. These would have under them, schools of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine,
Nursing, and Public/Environmental Health. This is a good vision to have for the
future. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;">However, this all depends informing political leaders about
the benefits of approaching public health issues with a One Health perspective.
This may encourage them to influence policies in such a way that funding for
animal, human, and environmental health becomes comparable, unlike the current
situation. Medical leaders must also be convinced, as they must acknowledge the
inherent interconnection between human and animal health. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIpCnWzLJ9mGEEdAjEMMwYfNMdEKAj_KxNFT7wSRFSViMlEUJTUx_25FOoBe_PoWRKGoiW1GwkoMfSOU7K6gaAxYQKdS4LE2R5lvmGyCimUBTckegPuZw181OfHz1hXs0pEJQkVKyPf3hi/s1600/Laura+Kahn+2.tif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIpCnWzLJ9mGEEdAjEMMwYfNMdEKAj_KxNFT7wSRFSViMlEUJTUx_25FOoBe_PoWRKGoiW1GwkoMfSOU7K6gaAxYQKdS4LE2R5lvmGyCimUBTckegPuZw181OfHz1hXs0pEJQkVKyPf3hi/s400/Laura+Kahn+2.tif" width="266" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dr. Kahn takes questions from the audience and discusses what small steps can be taken to lead the way for One Health.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Dr. Kahn finished her presentation, the final one of the
semester, by acknowledging Drs. Kaplan, Monath, Woodall, and Conti, who have
been relentless in their One Health efforts. Following this, she opened the
floor up for discussion and questions. Several questions were posed about what
the most realistic next few steps would be towards implementing more One Health
friendly policies. Several members of the audience, especially physicians,
veterinarians, and public health officials, exchanged their ideas about the
feasibility of these recommendations and what they believe are the current
challenges to implementing One Health in public health issues.<span> </span>This concluded the spring semester of One
Health sessions – leaving us to ponder upon what this generation can do to lead
the way for One Health. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Post Authored by Nasir Khatri, B.S.
Biochemistry, B.A. Chemistry candidate at North Carolina State University.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt;"></span><br />
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</style>jniemuthhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10377854820477282346noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4911201587892363087.post-78772554761257820282012-04-21T12:19:00.001-04:002012-04-21T12:19:40.084-04:00Going to the dogs … for a new model organism of non-Hodgkin lymphoma<style>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;">On Tuesday, April 17th, there were two speakers at the One
Health Session. The speakers had met each other several years ago through a
common veterinary friend. After they discussed their research over lunch for
about a year, they started collaborating in research regarding stem cell
transplantation in B- and T-cell lymphoma. Steven Suter, VMD, MS, PhD, DACVIM
(Oncology) is an Assistant Professor of Oncology in the Department of Clinical
Science at NCSU Veterinary Health Complex. He is a veterinary oncologist and
the Medical Director of the world’s only Canine Bone Marrow Transplant Unit.
Kristy Richards, MD, PhD is an assistant professor in the Department of
Genetics and Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology at the UNC
School of Medicine. Kristy Richards is a medical oncologist; she treats
patients with a variety of blood cancers in the Lineberger Cancer Center and
her laboratory in IPIT focuses on finding new and better ways to treat
lymphoma. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Steve Suter described his bone marrow transplantation (BMT)
program in dogs. They have treated 67 dogs since the opening in October 2008
and people are coming from all different states. Lymphoma occurs in a lot of
otherwise healthy dogs that are only 3-4 years old. The 2-year survival with
the lowest radiation dose has been 33% so far and they expect even better
survival rates with the higher doses being used currently. BMT is an
alternative to chemotherapy, which has a cure rate of 0%. The costs are lower
and the treatment regime is shorter than in humans. The description of the BMT
program in dogs was really interesting and it’s not surprising that it’s
similar to the human program.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmopRo5WmUaDh071KlKX7NX-Z-ZWLl1aw7YZU5ttTriwpayQIlKl-6rsZlYfZ30zia8LLM3kNOSBvquWwcoq-Si4-oFzK9TDW_S-Qrogn341qUrP3KIu_BY4YssX0Hy6907W2lpQVpAHAH/s1600/Steven+Suter.tif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="285" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmopRo5WmUaDh071KlKX7NX-Z-ZWLl1aw7YZU5ttTriwpayQIlKl-6rsZlYfZ30zia8LLM3kNOSBvquWwcoq-Si4-oFzK9TDW_S-Qrogn341qUrP3KIu_BY4YssX0Hy6907W2lpQVpAHAH/s400/Steven+Suter.tif" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dr. Suter (standing) discusses starting the only canine bone marrow transplant unit in the world.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;">The reason for this is that >95% of all human BMT
protocols were first perfected in dogs. Dogs are a better model than mice, not
only because of their size, but also because of the natural occurrence of
lymphoma in dogs. To test new medications, we do not need to develop an animal
model in which we first make the dogs sick, we can use the dogs that develop
lymphoma spontaneously. This way both science and the dogs/owners are helped.
My own concern, the quality of life of these dogs, seems to be well monitored.
After this session, I believe that the dogs do not suffer a lot from the
treatment and that they recover well. In the case of incurable disease, euthanasia
remains an option, just like dogs that do not participate in clinical trials.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Kristy Richards mainly told us about her research. She
explained to us why dogs are more than an animal model to her. By combining the
findings of genetic studies in humans, dogs, and mice, she has been able to
generate hypotheses that she could never have made if she studied only one or
two of the species. B-cell lymphomas are more common in both humans and dogs
and have a better outcome than T-cell lymphoma. She explained to us how
research in humans has discovered GCB- and ABC- subtypes that have different
responses to treatment in research settings. She tried to duplicate these
results, but so far has not been able to do this conclusively in humans or
dogs. However, Dr. Richards did find another subtype, IGHV, which might
correlate better with clinical outcomes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTv9X-ZxwOmZQrZRXRGq43iO6d77eUiwYwpQ39Q1QSwBuZEeX6fwEB_v8yi4ex4qqiKNZqmTQ__E1ORL6WIaThh78c5u6MdWqT9fLZsxTdvv5Hu3sqNpJ_iMf3W4rk_ZClsXBw2RaRe6Yi/s1600/Kristy+Richards.tif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTv9X-ZxwOmZQrZRXRGq43iO6d77eUiwYwpQ39Q1QSwBuZEeX6fwEB_v8yi4ex4qqiKNZqmTQ__E1ORL6WIaThh78c5u6MdWqT9fLZsxTdvv5Hu3sqNpJ_iMf3W4rk_ZClsXBw2RaRe6Yi/s320/Kristy+Richards.tif" width="228" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dr. Richards explains how including dogs, mice, and humans in research can yield more information than any two alone.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;">During the last minutes, both speakers shared their thoughts
about funding opportunities for their type of research: translational research
that is carried out in animal-patients, instead of animal models. Most of their
funding is coming from medical research societies at the moment. They are also
exploring possible collaborations with pharmaceutical companies, to test
efficacy and pharmacokinetic properties of new drugs in the treatment of
lymphoma.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Post authored by Margreet Harskamp-van Ginkel, MD (MPH student at
UNC School of Public Health and researcher at Duke Clinical Research Institute in Pediatric Pharmacoepidemiology)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Up Next - Final Spring/Weekly Session (24 April):</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>One Health: A Concept for the 21<sup>st</sup>
Century</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Laura Kahn, MD, MPH, MPP, Department of
Science & Global Security at Princeton University</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>jniemuthhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10377854820477282346noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4911201587892363087.post-71461739671197337382012-04-16T18:31:00.000-04:002012-04-16T18:31:36.450-04:00From Four Legs to Two - Translating Research Findings to Therapy of Spinal Cord Injury<style>
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<b><span style="font-size: small;">Dogs and Spinal Cord Injury - Another Role for Man's Best
Friend</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Dr. Natasha Olby, VetMB, PhD, DACVIM (Neurology) Professor
of Neurology and Neurosurgery at North Carolina State University College of
Veterinary Medicine (NCSU CVM), studied at Cambridge University for her
veterinary and research doctoral studies. She says it is at Cambridge where she
first learned about the One Health application of animal models in biomedical
research. After completing a postdoctoral study at Cambridge, she completed her
residency in neurology/neurosurgery in North Carolina. As a board certified
neurologist in the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Dr. Olby
joined the faculty at NCSU CVM where she has been conducting clinical work and
research in spinal cord injury (SCI).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjug-ad6_kA_DSR_OvZC2WGSCENwg8lGIUez9LLAKXaWUmC5uRdHXkHLBY1LTHwQvclzXGr9qCbUfBP3QS8fNs_7AppFUrcdDENmdN_YD1UCL2v59pEONDsmMUhY5FPdmODJKnXoUGbx78W/s1600/Natasha+Olby.tif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjug-ad6_kA_DSR_OvZC2WGSCENwg8lGIUez9LLAKXaWUmC5uRdHXkHLBY1LTHwQvclzXGr9qCbUfBP3QS8fNs_7AppFUrcdDENmdN_YD1UCL2v59pEONDsmMUhY5FPdmODJKnXoUGbx78W/s400/Natasha+Olby.tif" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dr. Natasha Olby discusses her work using dogs as models for spinal cord injury.</td></tr>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Dr. Olby began our session, “Benefits of Comparative
Medicine: Regenerative Medicine?” with a holistic look at canine SCI research.
Dr. Olby explored the ethical dilemmas and solutions of SCI research and
explained that quantifying SCI recovery in dogs with naturally occurring spinal
cord diseases is crucial in creating translatable data to improve human SCI
treatments. She explained that adequate SCI models and outcome measures are
imperative to improving SCI recovery. Dr. Olby explained that dogs are an appropriate
model for human SCI because SCI is common and naturally occurring in dogs, it
is comparable to human SCI, dogs are relatively large and uniform, clinical
research avoids using laboratory animals and, as she showed during the
presentation, the results are quantifiable.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Dr. Olby has advanced SCI treatments as she has created
solutions for several hurdles in the field of SCI recovery. The gait scoring
system she created for quantifying SCI recovery in dogs allows for advancements
in recovery treatments as the field encompasses a variety of injuries, each
with differing degrees of severity which each have specific goals and
treatments. Since the severity of an injury will dictate the type of treatment
an animal receives, Dr. Olby has been able to better identify successful
treatments in SCI patients.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span>Dr. Olby continues to contribute to SCI
treatment and recovery in her Canine Spinal Cord Injury Program. Through this
clinical research program, Dr. Olby is able to test different treatments in
specifically-defined groups of SCI patients and definitively report their
outcomes. Her contributions to the advancement of SCI recovery in dogs is
applicable to acute and chronic SCI patients and translates to human SCI
suffers.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: small;">The Dalfampridine Story - The Making of a Medicine</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Dr. Andrew Blight, PhD is the Chief Scientific Officer at
Acorda Therapeutics and a member of the editorial board of the Journal of
Neurotrauma. He began his session by outlining his unique path in One Health.
Dr. Blight first became interested in SCI while studying the miniature potentials
in frog spinal cord synapses. From there, he completed a postdoctoral study in
Germany and subsequently became a Research Assistant Professor in the
Department of Neurosurgery at New York University Medical Center. While there,
Dr. Blight brought an interest in chronic SCI when he joined a research group
studying acute SCI. From there, Dr. Blight became an Associate Professor of
Anatomy at Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine and then a Professor
and Director of the Research Laboratory in the Division of Neurosurgery at the
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Dr. Blight continued to study the
pathophysiology and treatment of SCI, which brought him to Acorda Therapeutics
as head of research and development.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRYlxm6vtVMwFSIHyezr8oPKmnr-DbbrS-c3-vlfsk0ZFhxEH2IgJaUDN9YFJOXZytCrqUFza4V8UTBPNjdsE16kwnBGYbF92RFmzMoeeTSXFiuNxmYC1PNUkVZZn0GN8kC9KTTvMnac8z/s1600/Andrew+Blight.tif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRYlxm6vtVMwFSIHyezr8oPKmnr-DbbrS-c3-vlfsk0ZFhxEH2IgJaUDN9YFJOXZytCrqUFza4V8UTBPNjdsE16kwnBGYbF92RFmzMoeeTSXFiuNxmYC1PNUkVZZn0GN8kC9KTTvMnac8z/s400/Andrew+Blight.tif" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dr. Andrew Blight describes the complex pathway from therapeutic concept to pharmaceutic approval and use.</td></tr>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Dr. Blight explained that while one would expect a linear
transition from understanding of a dysfunction to conceptual solution, then
animal studies, clinical studies, approval and use, this linearity is actually
much more complex in drug development. He found this to be true while working
on 4-aminopyridine; a drug therapy initially intended to treat SCI but
ultimately approved for treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). This drug is
called dalfampridine in the United States and while its exact molecular
mechanism is not understood, it has been shown to block unprotected potassium
channels affected by multiple sclerosis demyelination and is effective at very
low doses. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span>Dr. Blight explained the long path this drug has
taken in its journey to a Food & Drug Administration-approved drug. In the
past, it has been used as an analeptic in anesthesia. It has also been used to
treat botulism, myasthenia, Eaton-Lambert syndrome, Alzheimer’s disease, MS,
and SCI. In Dr. Blight’s experience, there are many ups and downs in the
development of a drug as clinical testing can have promising results, but these
results can be hard to quantify. In Dr. Blight’s experience, the timed walk
responder was found to be the most reliable measurement of treatment outcomes.
Using an appropriate evaluation to measure the effect of dalfampridine also
allowed them to elucidate the optimal dosage for dalfampridine in the treatment
of MS. Thus, Dr. Blight provided an insider’s peek into the complex process of
therapeutic drug development.</span> </span></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Post authored by Josephine Drayton, NCSU MS Candidate in Animal Science & Nutrition</span></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Up Next (17 April):</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Going
to the dogs … for a new model organism of non-Hodgkin lymphoma</b><span> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Steven Suter,
VMD, MS, PhD, DACVIM, Assistant Professor, Oncology at NCSU CVM</span></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;">
<span><span> </span>Kristy Richards, MD,
PhD, Assistant Professor Department of Genetics at UNC</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12pt;"></span>jniemuthhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10377854820477282346noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4911201587892363087.post-22283235598290620302012-04-08T17:57:00.000-04:002012-04-08T17:58:16.957-04:00One Health Core Competencies - Building Capacity for Response to Emerging Pandemic Threats<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Dr. Felicia Nutter, DVM, PhD, DACZM got an early start in the field of One Health. With role models such as Jane Goodall and Diane Fossey, Dr. Nutter informed her mother that she wanted to be a veterinarian and live with the apes in Africa while she was still in elementary school. She did go on to receive her DVM from Tufts University. It was here that Dr. Nutter had the opportunity to complete a fellowship in Tanzania working with apes and humans in Gombe National Park. After that she had an internship in small animal medicine, a residency in zoological medicine, and she completed her PhD in Comparative Biomedical Science at NC State University. Dr. Nutter worked with the Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project for five years. The project originally concentrated strongly on conservation, but made a transition to a One Health focus. Dr. Nutter continued to make One Health connections as a Staff Veterinarian at the Marine Mammal Center in Sausalito, CA. </span></span><br />
<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7LH9CVucwhoJJivQRpCapegX5TfGbx4XIUh3rF6b9flMKQTil8Xxw5hiAEIqOxY7FZ3v3HbtbSDOZdTAu0H9fsVXX9lySe_ckTH3SyS1fbb2WU5Sh6coHmco5h5Hf4g6MGlQzjr49T8Hu/s1600/Felicia+Nutter.tif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7LH9CVucwhoJJivQRpCapegX5TfGbx4XIUh3rF6b9flMKQTil8Xxw5hiAEIqOxY7FZ3v3HbtbSDOZdTAu0H9fsVXX9lySe_ckTH3SyS1fbb2WU5Sh6coHmco5h5Hf4g6MGlQzjr49T8Hu/s400/Felicia+Nutter.tif" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dr. Felicia Nutter discusses how the USAID RESPOND project is using a One Health approach to develop the framework necessary to improve disease surveillance and outbreak response at the global "hot spots" for emerging pandemics.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: small;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><span style="font-family: inherit;">Dr. Nutter now works with the RESPOND project, which was the focus of her presentation. She works with Tufts University and the University of Minnesota and is the liaison to FAO and OIE for the RESPOND project. She provides technical and strategic support to the project headquarters and provides global technical support to the project's offices in a few of the “hot spots” for emerging pandemics. These include the West Congo, East Congo and Southeast Asia. </span><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Emerging Pandemic Threats Program takes a One Health approach to improve disease surveillance and outbreak response. The program consists of four parts: Predict, Respond, Prevent, and Identify. RESPOND prepares others to respond to pandemic. It uses a multidisciplinary approach to:</span><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><span style="font-family: inherit;"> • Improve training for skills needed to respond to outbreaks</span><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><span style="font-family: inherit;"> • Improve cross-sectional links to support coordinated outbreak response </span><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><span style="font-family: inherit;"> • Improve capacity to conduct investigations of suspected outbreaks</span><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><span style="font-family: inherit;"> • Introduce technologies to improve training, surveillance, and outbreak investigations</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><span style="font-family: inherit;">The project took a year to get underway and when it started it had a strong focus on local training. Unfortunately, due to monetary issues, the project now focuses more on professional development training and graduate training. RESPOND receives funding from USAID, which receives its budget from Congress, so sometimes the funding falls short of expectations. RESPOND also receives funding from two private companies: Development Alternatives Incorporated and Training Research Group. The companies develop techniques for training adults. With more funding the project could continue with local training, which would benefit general populations in immeasurable ways and catch outbreaks at their roots. Funding is one of the larger issues that any project faces and as pioneers for One Health we all need to do our part in making sure that potential supporters realize the importance of our mission. </span><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><span style="font-family: inherit;">The RESPOND project has successfully assisted with the establishment of two educational organizations in the pandemic hot spots. These are the One Health Central and East Africa (OHCEA) and the Southeast Asia One Health University Network (SEAOHUN). SEAOHUN has more disciplines and a holistic approach. It is composed of 10 universities from Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, and Malaysia. There are 14 faculties and schools of veterinary medicine, tropical medicine, nursing, allied health sciences, public health, and medicine. </span><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><span style="font-family: inherit;">Dr. Nutter defined some of the concepts central to One Health. She explained the contrast between multidisciplinarity, interdisciplinarity, and trans-disciplinarity. Multidisciplinarity is an additive approach which does not integrate different disciplines, but rather just brings more disciplines together. The disciplinary perspectives are not changed. Interdisciplinarity is an interactive approach, which synthesizes two or more disciplines. This establishes a new level of discourse or integration of knowledge. The interdisciplinary approach is how One Health currently operates. Trans-disciplinarity is a holistic approach that shares conceptual framework with no disciplinary boundaries. This is ideally what One Health will become. </span><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><span style="font-family: inherit;">Dr. Nutter defined “competency” as measurable knowledge, skills, attitudes, and behaviors used as a basis for training and education. The “One Health core competencies” are skills that everyone involved with RESPOND need to have to constitute a common baseline. Some core competencies under discussion are values, ethics, cultural competency, team development, leadership, communication, responsibilities, analysis and assessment from a systems perspective, joint planning and management resources, and governance. RESPOND is developing core competencies for One Health with working groups, such as EPT projects, the CDC and the USDA. RESPOND is also combining expert opinion, literature review, and participatory approaches. Furthermore, SEAOHUN is working on regional input and curriculum mapping. </span><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><span style="font-family: inherit;">Most discussions during the forum were inquiries as to how long the program would operate and about the movement away from training locals. Dr. Nutter explained that these were budget issues and that the program was a five year project that has two years of funding left. It was also mentioned that this One Health approach to responding to pandemics is actually partitioned into different parts, which is the opposite of One Health. Dr. Nutter and Dr. Whittier explained that this project is new and that ultimately the program will achieve a more holistic organization and that for now, they are serving as liaisons between the different parts. </span><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><span style="font-family: inherit;">The presentation by Dr. Nutter was, in my opinion, one of the most interesting of the semester so far. It demonstrated how the One Health Concept is being implemented in real world situations with pandemic outbreak response. With the success of this project and other studies that Dr. Nutter said will soon be underway, hopefully One Health will gain more notoriety and we can all work together to make this world a healthier, safer place.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Post authored by Christon Wiles, NCSU Zoology Major</span></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Up Next (10 April):</span></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit;">
<b><span style="font-size: small;">From Four Legs to Two - Translating Research Findings to Therapy of Spinal Cord Injury</span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit;">
<b><span style="font-size: small;">Dogs and Spinal Cord Injury - Another Role for Man's Best Friend</span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Natasha Olby, VetMB, PhD, DACVIM, Professor, Neurology at NCSU CVM</span></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit;">
<b><span style="font-size: small;">The Dalfampridine Story - The Making of a Medicine </span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Andrew Blight, PhD, Chief Scientific Officer Acorda Therapeutics </span></div>
<br />jniemuthhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10377854820477282346noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4911201587892363087.post-10192659705011996782012-04-08T17:45:00.003-04:002012-04-08T17:55:22.364-04:00The USAID PREDICT Project: Building a global early warning system for emerging zoonoses<div style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Dr. Chris Whittier, DVM, PhD is an Associate Veterinarian and PREDICT Global Coordinator at Smithsonian’s National Zoological Park. He has a DVM from Tufts University and PhD from NC State in molecular diagnosis and epidemiology of infectious disease in wild gorillas. He worked extensively in central Africa for the Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project as a veterinarian and program manager.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"></span></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />Dr. Whittier took a few minutes at the beginning of his talk to reflect on his “one health journey” and the evolution of his career in veterinary medicine. His One Health path is unique. Like his role model primatologist Jane Goodall, he worked with primates in Africa, which let to his decision to become a wild animal veterinarian. Dr. Whittier even had the opportunity to work with Jane Goodall herself on chimp and gorilla health. His experience working with parasite transmission from human to chimp and public health programming lead him to further study in parasitology and zoonotic disease transmission. His PhD research focused on shared diseases in gorillas and chimps in the Rwandan mountains and included wildlife surveillance and public health teaching.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgozLO6SAEHE1nIFpMdx3JZQZDbl8DBP0G10tp7RbZP1N1E3Rk1Xclu-UkpuNzvs5UnXaYx6qN04VOzBE-1zoQKWO3fd2o0zx4gkb93NCJxmjSu1Mi-30GSgOicCCehUfNiyX_3_7gjHkyY/s1600/Chris+Whittier.tif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgozLO6SAEHE1nIFpMdx3JZQZDbl8DBP0G10tp7RbZP1N1E3Rk1Xclu-UkpuNzvs5UnXaYx6qN04VOzBE-1zoQKWO3fd2o0zx4gkb93NCJxmjSu1Mi-30GSgOicCCehUfNiyX_3_7gjHkyY/s400/Chris+Whittier.tif" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dr. Chris Whittier emphasizes the importance of One Health in emerging zoonotic disease surveillance and explains the goals of the USAID PREDICT project.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />The PREDICT project was initially funded after avian and swine influenza outbreaks demonstrated the increasing transmission of zoonotic pathogens from animals to humans. In fact, 70% of emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic pathogens. Human behavior and increasing human interaction with wildlife has a significant impact on disease transmission. For example, the trade of wildlife and exotic species in Asia has increased transmission risks between animals and humans and the emergence of novel infectious organisms.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />USAID PREDICT received funding in 2009 to build “a global warning system for emerging disease that move between wildlife and people” (USAID PREDICT).</span></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />PREDICT’s goals<br /> • Identify emerging and novel viral zoonotic pathogens with pandemic potential<br /> • Increase capacity to monitor disease at the animal-human interface<br /> • Develop the capacity to monitor zoonotic diseases through coalition building and the training of existing personnel and optimizing existing lab infrastructure in hotspot areas<br /> • Improve surveillance, reporting and identification of novel diseases in order to hasten response of control of disease outbreaks.<br /> • Focus its efforts in predicted global hot spot areas in South East Asia and Congo Basin</span></div>
<div style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />PREDICT uses Smart surveillance, probabilistic modeling, field study and surveillance, and laboratory studies focusing on disease hotspot and predict and monitor disease outbreaks. Target animals include high priority species such as primates, bats, and rodents. Dr. Whittier readily admits that there are shortcomings to this model but sees this project as a long-term investment in global animal and human health.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Post authored by Amanda Gammon, BSN, UNC MSN (Family Nurse Practitioner) Candidate</span></span>jniemuthhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10377854820477282346noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4911201587892363087.post-79786451317356660702012-04-02T11:50:00.000-04:002012-04-02T11:52:05.957-04:00The Emergence of Visceral Leishmaniasis in the US<style>
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<span style="font-size: small;">During her March 27 lecture, Dr. Christine Petersen, DVM
PhD, Assistant Professor at Iowa State University, offered a One Health
perspective of visceral leishmaniasis in the US. As both a DVM and
immunologist, Dr. Petersen has been involved in many aspects of One Health,
including medical, veterinary, and public health. Her research, focusing on the prevalence and
prevention of zoonotic diseases, has led her to study visceral leishmaniasis in
the American Foxhound population.</span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZvNl8IMhRsgSDZjRxh6tPo5bOR_1Cmh9VZaQPtUAmO3JuimgoAfbDWuHgs2eUlR8f3KLGuAh-RlALoJqccYfObr7E6wtW27SDhza1G9HhDhBRT8HSgwzwAFYOzRFbPxL8qfUGxPfzGtPO/s1600/Christine+Petersen.tif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZvNl8IMhRsgSDZjRxh6tPo5bOR_1Cmh9VZaQPtUAmO3JuimgoAfbDWuHgs2eUlR8f3KLGuAh-RlALoJqccYfObr7E6wtW27SDhza1G9HhDhBRT8HSgwzwAFYOzRFbPxL8qfUGxPfzGtPO/s400/Christine+Petersen.tif" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dr. Christine Petersen, DVM PhD explains her research on visceral leishmaniasis and why the disease should have a One Health focus in the US<span style="font-size: small;">.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Dr. Petersen began with a background on the disease,
including theories on how it came to the US and why it remains problematic for
both dogs and humans. Visceral leishmaniasis, a zoonotic, vector borne disease,
exists as a spectrum of clinical disease, from cutaneous sores to disseminated
disease with organ involvement. Positive serology does not guarantee clinical
disease, however. Induction of visceral leishmaniasis seems to be a classic
interplay of genetic background and environmental factors, as malnutrition,
drug use, HIV, and childhood are all associated with disease presentation.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The disease is present in 89 countries, and it exists in
“New World” and “Old World” forms. Dr. Petersen explained that the version
found in the US appears to have come from colonialists, because it is the type
species from Europe, not from South America as one would expect given the land
connection. The first outbreak in a Foxhound kennel was reported in 1999, and
currently 23 US states have seropositive Foxhounds. As sand flies are the
vector in many countries globally, four species of sand flies in the US are
potential vectors. However, this vector source does not appear to be the main
cause of transmission to humans or animals. There have been very few reports of
transmission to other animal species or humans despite contact with
seropositive Foxhounds. The containment of the disease within Foxhounds and a
few other foreign-borne dog breeds suggests that vertical transmission is the
primary form of the disease’s transmission in the US.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Dr. Petersen proposed many thought-provoking One Health
questions related to disease control and accountability in the US. She stated
that good treatments do not exist for humans or canines, and so we must search
for methods of controlling transmission. Although sand fly vector control
efforts have been implemented in other countries, the US needs to consider how
to address the vertical transmission in Foxhounds. She explained that Brazil
has begun a depopulation campaign for seropositive canines. However, this
effort has not reduced leishmaniasis cases in humans or animals, and it has
taken an emotional toll on Brazilians who have lost beloved pets. She noted that researchers are looking at the
human-dog interactions in Brazil to better understand exposure and possible
means of containing the disease.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The questions proposed by the audience at the end of Dr.
Petersen’s lecture brought forth several other One Health issues. An
interesting point was made regarding current military veterans’ relationship to
the leishmaniasis issue. Dr. Petersen stated that 4,000 soldiers have come back
from Iraq and Afghanistan with leishmaniasis, and many have brought home
service dogs and adopted dogs that may also be seropositive. While efforts are
being made to address the disease in soldiers, no such effort has been made to
monitor dogs coming into the US. Dr. Petersen explained that until we have a
“CDC” for animals in US, no one is willing to pay for the testing of animals
before they enter the country. In the end, she emphasized the serious need for
a One Health approach to this problem, because currently the disease will have
to pervade canine populations and begin to affect human health before
governmental organizations such as the CDC will intervene.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Interestingly, environmental health arose at the end of the
discussion when someone inquired about the effects of climate change on disease
prevalence. Dr. Petersen agreed that climate change, particularly global
warming, does seem to be influencing the disease, as cases are emerging farther
north around the globe. This point brought the discussion in full circle,
serving as a perfect demonstration of the inter-relatedness of human health,
animal health, and environmental health.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Post authored by Rachel Little, MPH candidate at UNC School of Public Health (Health Care & Prevention Program) & UNC medical student</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Up Next (3 April):</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b> One Health Core Competencies - Building Capacity
for Response to Emerging Pandemic Threats</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Felicia Nutter, DVM, PhD, DACZM, Research
Assistant Professor at Tufts University Cummings SVM, USAID Grantee, RESPOND
Project Senior Technical Officer</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; margin-left: 1in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>The USAID PREDICT Project: Building a
global early warning system for</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; margin-left: 1in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>emerging zoonoses</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; margin-left: 1in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Chris
Whittier, DVM, PhD, Associate Veterinarian at Smithsonian</span></div>jniemuthhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10377854820477282346noreply@blogger.com0